as
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++as1 /əz; strong æz/ ●●● S1 W1 preposition, adverb 1 used when you are comparing two people, things, situations etc 像，如同〔用于比较〕as ... as Tom’s not as old as you, is he? 汤姆年纪没有你大，是吗？ an old woman with hair as white as snow 一位白发如雪的老太太 Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses. 有些医生的薪水几乎是护士的两倍。 We work as hard as any other team in England. 我们同其他英格兰球队一样努力。 Please let me know your decision as soon as possible (=as soon as you can). 请尽快告诉我你的决定。 His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular. 他上一张专辑售出50万张，我们希望这张同样畅销。2 used to say what job, duty, use, or appearance someone or something has 作为；身为 As a parent, I feel that more should be done to protect our children. 身为家长，我觉得应采取更多措施来保护我们的孩子。 A flat stone was used as a table. 一块扁平的石头被用作桌子。 Dad dressed up as Santa Claus. 爸爸打扮成圣诞老人。3 used to say what someone thinks or says a person or thing is 当作 The problem is regarded as serious. 这个问题被认为很严重。 The result of last week’s election will be seen as a victory for the right-wing government. 上周选举的结果将被视为右翼政府的胜利。 He’s described as being in his late teens, tall, and of slim build. 据描述，他十八九岁的样子，瘦高个儿。4 when someone was in a particular age group 在某一年龄段时 As a young man, Eliot had studied art in Paris. 年轻时，艾略特在巴黎学画画。 I’ll take you to all the places I loved as a girl. 我会带你去我小时候爱去的每一个地方。 → such as at such(2), → as one at one2(15) USAGE: As, like, as if/though• Use as in comparisons in the expression as ... as, with an adjective or adverb in between: as 用于表示比较的短语 as ... as，中间是形容词或副词Basketball is as popular as football here. 在这里，篮球与足球一样流行。He can’t sing as well as his brother. 他歌唱得没他弟弟好。• As is also used after be the same (age/size etc): as 还用于 be the same (age/colour 等)之后He is the same age as me. 他和我同年。• Do not use as on its own before a noun or pronoun in comparisons. Use like: 比较形式中的名词、代词前不要用单独的 as，要用 likeA movie is not like a book. 电影和书不一样。Like other people, he values his privacy. 同其他人一样，他也看重自己的隐私。n ✗ Don't say: A movie is not as a book. | As other people, he values his privacy.• Use as if/as though before a clause describing an imaginary situation: as if/as though 之后接从句，用于把真实的情形比作虚设的情形He talked to them as if they were children. 他同他们说话的口气就像他们是孩子。• Some people also use like in this way, although this is often considered to be incorrect: 在这种比较中，有些人用 like。然而有些人认为这种用法不正确。They act like they own the place. 他们表现得像是这地方的主人。 • Do not use as if/as though directly before a noun. You say: as if/as though 后面不能直接跟名词, 应该说：5You treat them as if they were your parents (NOT 不说 as if your parents).你对待他们如同自己的父母。nYou treat him as if he were your servant.n ✗ Don't say: You treat him as if your servant.
Examples from the Corpus
as• Paul McGann will star as a middle-class Jewish lawyer in a new BBC drama called 'Fish'.• Clint Eastwood was excellent as the strong, silent hero in his many westerns.just as• Mukhamedov's defection two years ago, just as Communism was falling apart, will not be forgiven in a hurry.• He has a record to defend, just as Dole does.• New applications and new accounts rose just as dramatically.• Pastor Braun started whistling again, just as firmly.• The phone rang just as I was leaving.• And, just as important, how is your partner feeling?• The shapes of the flowers are just as intriguing.• She was glad when Westerfield church hove into view and sensed that he was just as relieved.• I thought I might just as well come down to the point.• You can uses cherries instead of plums - they work just as well.as2 ●●● S1 W1 conjunction 1 COMPAREused in comparisons 像…一样〔用于比较〕as ... as They want peace as much as we do. 他们同我们一样希望和平。 Helen comes to visit me as often as she can. 海伦有空就来看我。 I can’t run as fast as I used to. 我不如以前跑得快了。2 XXin the way that someone says or that something happens, or in the condition something is in 按…的方式；如同 Do as I say! 按我说的去做！ We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive. 在警察到来以前，我们最好什么也别动。 The money was repaid, as promised. 钱按承诺还了。 He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had. 他不用像他父亲那样不停地搬家了。 Roberta was late as usual (=in the way that she usually was). 罗伯塔和往常一样迟到了。3 used to say that what you are saying is already known or has been stated before 正如〔用于所说的话已为人所知或已经说过〕4 DURINGWHENwhile or when （正当）…的时候5 BECAUSEused to state why a particular situation exists or why someone does something 因为，由于6 ALTHOUGHthough 尽管，虽然7 as for somebody/something ABOUTused when you are starting to talk about someone or something new that is connected with what you were talking about before 至于某人/某物，就某人/某物而言8 as yet [used in negatives]NOW until and including the present time – used to say that something has not happened although it may happen in the future 到现在为止（尚未）9 as if .../as though ... WAY/MANNER10 it’s not as if UNTRUEused to say that something cannot be the explanation for a situation or someone’s behaviour because it is not true 其实并不11 as it is 12 as from/of something NOWstarting from a particular time or date and continuing 自某一时间[日期]起13 as against something COMPAREin comparison with something 跟某事物相比14 as to something 15 as it were EXACTused when describing someone or something in a way that is not quite exact 可以说是16 as is/was/does etc formalLIKE/SIMILAR used to add that what you have said is also true of someone or something else …也如此17 as you do British English spoken in the way that people usually do something or how they normally behave – often used humorously by people after they have mentioned doing something strange or unusual 就像大家一样〔幽默用法，常指不寻常之事〕 → not as such at such(8), → as well at well1(5), → as well as at well1(6), → might (just) as well at might1(9), → so as to do something at so2(3)Examples from the Corpus
as• He ran into the road just as a car was coming.• Be patient with your puppy as he adjusts to his new home.• There was a shocked silence as he spoke.• The phone rang just as he stepped out of the shower.• James decided not to go out as he was still really tired.• As I said earlier, this research has just started.• The sensor uses an infrared beam to "read" a vehicle's exhaust emissions as it drives past.• As smart as Jake is, he doesn't know how to manage people well.• As soon as I pulled in, the engine went dead.• I fell asleep as soon as my head hit the pillow.• Leave things as they are until the police arrive.• As we were leaving, Carole and her friends arrived.as ... as• As with any guidebook, especially one which covers an area as large as this, you can pick out numerous faults.• Battles over the monetary and literary estate of the Fresno author began as soon as he died of cancer at age 72.• For top executives, the discount can be as high as 30 percent or 40 percent.• He knows it as well as his coat size.• In the decade ending in 1989, the developed world grew only one and one-half times as fast as the developed world.• It was three times as high as he was.• Otherwise his last years are as obscure as his earliest.• Ranchers must buy feed from as far away as Michigan.as usual• The big beasts of medical ethics have been locking horns, the rationalists against the religious as usual.• Dorothy arrived late as usual.• Sam was in a bad mood as usual.• There will be discounts available for students as usual.• He'd be for the high jump, as usual.• It was what the shearmen in the woollen manufacture, who did not work at home, regarded as usual.• It will soon be back to business as usual.• Maisha and Tiger meet us outside baggage claim, and Maisha is looking terrific as usual.• Otherwise, it was life as usual, and I was being a dutiful daughter and a good sister.• And probably the truth is, as usual, double.• The children, as usual, stayed behind.• As usual, there was far too much food.Origin as1 Old English eallswa; → ALSOas1 preposition →USAGE1as2 conjunction →10-17
LDOCE OnlineChinese
LDOCE OnlineChinese
things, comparing used you are when situations people, Corpus two
as
as1 S1 W1 /əz; strong æz/ 
preposition, adverb1. used when you are comparing two people, things, situations etc
as ... as
Tom’s not as old as you, is he?
an old woman with hair as white as snow
Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses.
We work as hard as any other team in England.
Please let me know your decision as soon as possible (=as soon as you can).
His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular.
2. used to say what job, duty, use, or appearance someone or something has:
As a parent, I feel that more should be done to protect our children.
A flat stone was used as a table.
Dad dressed up as Santa Claus.
3. used to say what someone thinks or says a person or thing is:
The problem is regarded as serious.
The result of last week’s election will be seen as a victory for the right-wing government.
He’s described as being in his late teens, tall, and of slim build.
4. when someone was in a particular age group:
As a young man, Eliot had studied art in Paris.
I’ll take you to all the places I loved as a girl.
⇨ such as at such(2), ⇨ as one at one2(16)
GRAMMAR
as, like, as if/though
Use as in comparisons in the expression as ... as, with an adjective or adverb in between:
▪Basketball is as popular as football here.
▪He can’t sing as well as his brother.
As is also used after be the same (age/colour etc.:
▪He is the same age as me.
► Do not use as on its own before a noun or pronoun in comparisons. Use like:
▪A movie is not like a book (NOT not as a book).
▪Like other people (NOT as other people), he values his privacy.
Use as if/as though followed by a clause to compare a real situation to an imaginary situation:
▪He talked to them as if they were children.
► Some people use like in this sort of comparison:
▪They act like they own the place. However, some people think this is incorrect.
► as if/as though cannot be followed directly by a noun:
▪You treat them as if they were your parents (NOT as if your parents).
as2 S1 W1 conjunction
1. used in comparisons
as ... as
They want peace as much as we do.
Helen comes to visit me as often as she can.
I can’t run as fast as I used to.
2. in the way that someone says or that something happens, or in the condition something is in:
Do as I say!
We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
The money was repaid, as promised.
He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had.
Roberta was late as usual (=in the way that she usually was).
3. used to say that what you are saying is already known or has been stated before:
David, as you know, has not been well lately.
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
As Napoleon once said, attack is the best method of defence.
4. while or when:
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
Just as the two men were leaving, a message arrived.
5. used to state why a particular situation exists or why someone does something:
As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road.
6. though:
Unlikely as it might seem, I’m tired too.
Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.
As popular as he is, the President hasn’t always managed to have his own way.
7. as for somebody/something used when you are starting to talk about someone or something new that is connected with what you were talking about before:
Kitty’s got so thin. And as for Carl, he always seems to be ill.
You can ask the others, but as for myself, I’ll be busy in the office.
8. as yet [used in negatives] until and including the present time – used to say that something has not happened although it may happen in the future:
We’ve had no word from Colin as yet.
9. as if .../as though ...
a. in a way that makes it seem that something is true or that something is happening:
It sounds as though she’s been really ill.
Gary was behaving as though nothing had happened.
Mrs Crump looked as if she was going to explode.
Beckworth shook his head as if to say ‘Don’t trust her’.
b. used to emphasize that something is not true or will not happen:
She said she’d never speak to me again. As if I cared (=I do not care at all).
‘Don’t try any funny business, now.’ ‘As if I would.’
As if! spoken informal:
He asked if I’d go out with him. As if (=it is extremely unlikely that I would go out with him)!
10. it’s not as if used to say that something cannot be the explanation for a situation or someone’s behaviour because it is not true:
Why do they never go on holiday? I mean it’s not as if they’re poor is it?
I don’t know why you’re so frightened of her, it’s not as if she’s got any power over you.
11. as it is
a. because of the situation that actually exists – used when that situation is different from what you expected or needed:
They hoped to finish the kitchen by Friday, but as it is they’ll probably have to come back next week.
b. already:
Just keep quiet – you’re in enough trouble as it is.
12. as from/of something starting from a particular time or date and continuing:
As from today, you are in charge of the office.
As of now, there will be no more paid overtime.
13. as against something in comparison with something:
Profits this year are $2.5 million as against $4 million last year.
14. as to something
a. concerning:
Frank was very uncertain as to whether it was the right job for him.
advice as to which suppliers to approach
He kept his rivals guessing as to his real intentions.
b. formal used when you are starting to talk about something new that is connected with what you were talking about before:
As to our future plans, I think I need only say that the company intends to expand at a steady rate.
15. as it were used when describing someone or something in a way that is not quite exact:
Jim Radcliffe became our idol, as it were, the man we all wanted to be.
16. as is/was/does etc formal used to add that what you have said is also true of someone or something else:
Eve’s very tall, as was her mother.
I voted Labour, as did my wife.
17. as you do British English spoken in the way that people usually do something or how they normally behave – often used humorously by people after they have mentioned doing something strange or unusual:
We talked, exchanged email addresses and phone numbers, as you do on planes.
I was driving a Ferrari through town yesterday – as you do – when I saw an old school friend outside the cinema.
⇨ not as such at such(8), ⇨ as well at well1(5), ⇨ as well as at well1(6), ⇨ might (just) as well at might1(9), ⇨ so as to do something at so2(5)
▪ because conjunction used when giving the reason for something: I went home because I was tired. | The streets were flooded because of all the rain.
▪due to/owing to preposition used to give the reason why something has happened. Due to and owing to are more formal than because: The delay was due to a problem with the ship’s engines. | The parade had to be cancelled owing to bad weather.
▪through preposition because of something. Through is used especially when saying why someone succeeded or failed to do something: They won the game, more through luck than skill. | You failed that test through carelessness.
▪thanks to preposition used when explaining that something good has happened because of someone’s efforts, or because something exists: Thanks to modern medicine, the disease can now be cured.
▪since/as conjunction used when giving the reason why someone decides to do something or decides that something is true: We decided to go to the beach since it was a nice day. | I thought Kevin was out as his car wasn’t there.
▪out of preposition because of a particular feeling or quality: He started reading the book out of curiosity. | I only asked out of politeness.
| I |
preposition, adverb1. used when you are comparing two people, things, situations etcas ... as
2. used to say what job, duty, use, or appearance someone or something has:
3. used to say what someone thinks or says a person or thing is:
4. when someone was in a particular age group:
⇨ such as at such(2), ⇨ as one at one2(16)
GRAMMAR
as, like, as if/though
Use as in comparisons in the expression as ... as, with an adjective or adverb in between:
▪
▪
As is also used after be the same (age/colour etc.:
▪
► Do not use as on its own before a noun or pronoun in comparisons. Use like:
▪
▪
Use as if/as though followed by a clause to compare a real situation to an imaginary situation:
▪
► Some people use like in this sort of comparison:
▪
► as if/as though cannot be followed directly by a noun:
▪
| II |
conjunction1. used in comparisons
as ... as
2. in the way that someone says or that something happens, or in the condition something is in:
3. used to say that what you are saying is already known or has been stated before:
4. while or when:
5. used to state why a particular situation exists or why someone does something:
6. though:
7. as for somebody/something used when you are starting to talk about someone or something new that is connected with what you were talking about before:
8. as yet [used in negatives] until and including the present time – used to say that something has not happened although it may happen in the future:
9. as if .../as though ...
a. in a way that makes it seem that something is true or that something is happening:
b. used to emphasize that something is not true or will not happen:
As if! spoken informal:
10. it’s not as if used to say that something cannot be the explanation for a situation or someone’s behaviour because it is not true:
11. as it is
a. because of the situation that actually exists – used when that situation is different from what you expected or needed:
b. already:
12. as from/of something starting from a particular time or date and continuing:
13. as against something in comparison with something:
14. as to something
a. concerning:
b. formal used when you are starting to talk about something new that is connected with what you were talking about before:
15. as it were used when describing someone or something in a way that is not quite exact:
16. as is/was/does etc formal used to add that what you have said is also true of someone or something else:
17. as you do British English spoken in the way that people usually do something or how they normally behave – often used humorously by people after they have mentioned doing something strange or unusual:
⇨ not as such at such(8), ⇨ as well at well1(5), ⇨ as well as at well1(6), ⇨ might (just) as well at might1(9), ⇨ so as to do something at so2(5)
| THESAURUS |
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Like is a preposition and is used before nouns and pronouns.* like 为介词，置于名词和代词前 ：◆ He has blue eyes like me. 他和我一样有双蓝眼睛。 As is a conjunction and an adverb and is used before a clause, another adverb or a clause beginning with a preposition.* as 为连词和副词，置于从句、另一副词或以介词引导的从句前 ：◆ She enjoys all kinds of music, as I do. 她和我一样什么音乐都喜欢。 ◆ Repeat these five steps, as in the last exercise. 照前面的练习一样，重复这五个步骤。 In informal English like is frequently used as a conjunction or an adverb instead ofas .在非正式英语中，like 常常代替 as，用作连词或副词 ：◆ Nobody understands him like I do. 谁都不像我那么了解他。 ◆ I don't want to upset him again like before. 我不愿意再像过去那样使他扫兴。 It is also used instead of as if .* like 亦可用以代替 as if ：◆ It looks like we're going to be late. 看来我们要迟到了。 These uses of like are common but are not considered correct in formal written English.* like 的这类用法很常见，但在规范的书面语中被视为不正确。
Describing a process 描述过程
◆ This diagram illustrates the process of paper-making./This diagramshows how paper is made.这个图说明了造纸的过程。 ◆ First /First of all , logs are delivered to a paper mill, where the bark is removed and the wood is cut into small chips.首先，原木被运送到造纸厂，在那里去掉树皮，然后被切成木片。 ◆ Next /Second , the wood chips are pulped, either using chemicals or in a pulping machine.接下来，用化学品或磨浆机把木片化成浆。 ◆ Pulping breaks down the internal structure of the wood and enables /allows the natural oilsto be removed.制浆过程使木材的内部结构分解，从而去除木材里的天然油。 ◆ Once /After the wood has been pulped, the pulp is bleachedin order to remove impurities. /…is bleachedso that impuritiescan be removed.木材制成浆后，将其漂白以去除杂质。 ◆ The next stage is to feed the pulp into the paper machine, where it is mixed with waterand then poured onto a wire conveyor belt.下一步便是将纸浆送入制纸机，与水混合后再倒入金属传送带。 ◆ As the pulp travels along the conveyor belt, the water drains away.This causes the solid materialto sink to the bottom, forming a layer of paper.当纸浆沿传送带传送时，水分蒸发，使得固体物质沉到底部，形成一层纸。 ◆ At this point the new paper is still wet,so it is passed between large heated rollers, which press out the remaining water andsimultaneously dry the paper/…dry the paperat the same time .这时，新出的纸仍然是湿的，故让其经过几个巨大的热滚筒，挤压脱水并同时烘干。 ◆ The final stage is to wind the paper onto large rolls./Finally , the paper is wound onto large rolls.最后一步是将纸卷在巨大的卷轴上。
