by
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++by1 /baɪ/ ●●● S1 W1 preposition 1 XXwho/what does STH 由谁/什么做某事 used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen 被，由〔尤与被动语态动词连用〕 I was attacked by a dog. 我被一条狗袭击。 a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren 著名建筑师克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士设计的一座教堂 We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime. 我们都对暴力罪案的增加感到忧虑。 interference by the state in the affairs of the Church 国家对教会事务的干预 his appointment by the BBC as a producer 英国广播公司委任他为制片人2 WAY/METHODmeans/method 方式/方法 used to say what means or method someone uses to do something 通过，使用 You can reserve the tickets by phone. 你可以通过电话订票。 Send it by airmail. 用航空邮件把它寄走。 Some customers prefer to pay by cheque. 有些客户喜欢用支票支付。by car/train/bus/taxi etc They travelled to Chicago by train. 他们乘火车去芝加哥。by air/sea/land/road/rail etc All supplies are transported by air. 补给品全部空运。by doing something She earns her living by selling insurance. 她以推销保险为生。 He was taken from his home by force. 他被人从家里强行带走。3 XXroad/door 道路/门 used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place 经由〔…路、入口、门等〕 They came in by the back door. 他们从后门进来。 It’s quicker to go by the country route. 走乡村小路更快。4 XXtaking hold 抓住 used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of 抓着〔物体或身体的某个部位〕 He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road. 他搀着伊莱恩的胳膊，领她过马路。 She grabbed the hammer by the handle. 她抓着锤子的柄。5 COME FROM/ORIGINATEwriter/composer etc 作家/作曲家等 used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc 由…所作 the ‘New World symphony’ by Dvorak 德沃夏克所作的《新世界交响曲》 a short story by Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯写的一个短篇小说 Who’s it by? 这是谁的作品？6 NEXT TObeside 在旁边 beside or near something 靠近，在…旁边 She stood by the window. 她站在窗边。 Jane went and sat by Patrick. 简走过去坐在帕特里克身旁。7 NEXT TOpast 经过 past someone or something without stopping 经过8 BEFOREbefore 在…之前 before or not later than a particular time 在…之前，不迟于9 DEPEND/IT DEPENDSaccording to 根据 according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things 按照，依据10 XXchange/difference 变化/差异 used to say how great a change or difference is 〔用于表示变化或差异的程度〕11 SIZEmeasurements 尺寸 used to give the measurements of a room, container etc 乘〔用于表示房间、容器等的大小〕12 XXquantity 数量 used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something 按，以〔用于表示量度单位〕13 XXgradual change 逐渐的变化 used to say that something happens gradually 〔用于表示某事渐渐发生〕14 XXquick change 迅速的变化 used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc 〔用于表示某事物或某人迅速地变坏、变好等〕15 DURINGlight 光线 used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light 借着〔某种光线〕16 by day/night DURINGduring the day or the night 在日间/在夜间17 XXjob/nature etc 工作/性质等 used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc 〔用于说明某人的性格、工作、出身等〕18 VISITvisiting 拜访 in order to visit a person or place for a short time 在…停留19 (all) by yourself 20 COUNT/CALCULATEmultiplying/dividing 乘/除 used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing 乘以；除以21 XXemphasis 强调 used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises 对…发誓〔表示强烈的情感或庄严的承诺〕22 BABY/HAVE A BABYfather 父亲 if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father 与〔某男子〕所生23 by the by spokenMENTION used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important 顺便说一下 USAGE: By, with• By is used, especially after passive verbs, to say who or what does something: by 尤用于被动语态动词之后，表示何人或何物做了某事 The article was written by a university professor. 这篇文章是一位大学教授写的。She was hit by a truck. 她被卡车撞了。• With is used after verbs that describe a state rather than an action: with 用于描述状态而不是行为的动词之后The books were covered with dust. 这些书上满是灰尘。Her house is always filled with music. 她家中总是充满了音乐声。 ✗Don't say: covered by dust | filled by music• By is used to say what means or method someone uses to do something: by 用于表示某人采用何种方式或方法来做某事He replied by email. 他用电子邮件回复了。• With is used to say what tool is used to do something: with 用于说明使用何种工具来做某事Clean the surface thoroughly with a wire brush. 用钢丝刷把表面彻底清洗一下。✗Don't say: by a wire brush
Examples from the Corpus
by• I was overcharged by $3.• I'll be home by 6.30, I promise.• By 9.00, most of the guests had arrived.• I'll be home by 9:30.• Jim was bitten by a dog.• Colette is French by birth.• Please try to have this done by Friday.• By God, we actually did it!• Ann has two children by her ex-husband.• I go by John's place on my way to work; I can pick him up.• By law, cars cannot pass a school bus while it is stopped.• It's fine by me if you want to go.• He walked by me without saying hello.• "Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare.• Doris came in by the back door.• I picked the pot up by the handle.• Most restaurant workers are paid by the hour.• Everyone is worried by the rise in violent crime.• I saw him standing by the window.• Profits were $6 million, but by their standards this is low.by doing something• Caroline earns extra money by babysitting.by far• In the tropics, for example, malaria is by far a bigger killer.• Worse by far, he thought Freud was talking about structures rather than processes.• Chain superstores are crowded, yet the fastest-growing sales sector by far is on the Internet.• Reading was by far my favorite activity as a child.• But the most dramatic by far of the failures of deregulation involved the savings and loans.• I felt that until Colin Cameron was sent off we were by far the better side.• Low turnout may benefit Buchanan, whose fervent backers are by far the most committed.• This final stretch, a 4,000-foot ascent over 13 winding miles, is by far the most daunting.• Half of the people were in California, by far the most populous and modern of the western states.by2 ●●● S1 W1 adverb 1 PASS/GO PASTpast someone or something 〔由旁边〕经过2 used to say that time passes 〔时间〕过去3 NEXT TObeside or near someone or something 在旁边，在附近4 visiting 拜访 VISITin order to visit a person or place for a short time 短暂访问5 by and large used when making a general statement 大体上，一般地说，总的说来6 by and by SOON old use soon 不久，很快Examples from the Corpus
by• I lay on the grass and watched the clouds floating by.• As we talk, Dolph Lundgren waddles by.• Three hours went by before we heard any news.• The weedy water slid by between him and the shoals and ledges.• One or two cars went by, but nobody stopped.• As Ahab and the crew pass it by from day to day they ponder its meaning.• There are lots of spots close together around the city centre, then many more close by in a car.• One woman reported seeing a man go by on a motorcycle.• A high school couple walked by, talking ofJesus.by-, bye- /baɪ/ prefix XXless important 较不重要的 a by-product (=something made in addition to the main product) 副产品 a by-election (=one held between regular elections) 补缺选举Examples from the Corpus
by-• a byproductOrigin by- by by1 Old English be, biwith to passive say Corpus a used especially verb
by
by1 S1 W1 /baɪ/ 
preposition
I was attacked by a dog.
a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren
We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.
interference by the state in the affairs of the Church
his appointment by the BBC as a producer
2. MEANS/METHOD used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
Send it by airmail.
Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.
by car/train/bus/taxi etc
They travelled to Chicago by train.
by air/sea/land/road/rail etc
All supplies are transported by air.
by doing something
She earns her living by selling insurance.
He was taken from his home by force.
3. ROAD/DOOR used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place:
They came in by the back door.
It’s quicker to go by the country route.
4. TAKING HOLD used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of:
He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.
She grabbed the hammer by the handle.
5. WRITER/COMPOSER ETC used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc:
the ‘New World Symphony’ by Dvorak
a short story by Charles Dickens
Who’s it by?
6. BESIDE beside or near something:
She stood by the window.
Jane went and sat by Patrick.
7. PAST past someone or something without stopping:
He walked right by me without even saying hello.
I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.
8. BEFORE before or not later than a particular time:
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.
I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.
By the end of the day we had sold over 2,000 tickets.
By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.
9. ACCORDING TO according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things:
You’ve got to play by the rules.
Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.
10. CHANGE/DIFFERENCE used to say how great a change or difference is:
The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.
I was overcharged by £3.
Godard’s first film was better by far (=by a large amount or degree).
11. MEASUREMENTS used to give the measurements of a room, container etc:
a room 15 metres by 23 metres
12. QUANTITY used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something:
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
We’re paid by the hour.
She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.
13. GRADUAL CHANGE used to say that something happens gradually:
Day by day, he grew weaker.
Little by little, I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.
One by one, the men stepped forward.
14. QUICK CHANGE used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc:
The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.
15. LIGHT used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light:
We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.
16. by day/night during the day or the night:
a tour of Paris by night
17. JOB/NATURE ETC used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc:
George I and George II were Germans by birth.
Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.
Robert Key was a teacher by profession.
18. VISITING in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
On the way, I stopped by the post office.
19. (all) by yourself
a. completely alone:
Dave spent Christmas all by himself.
b. without help from anyone:
You can’t move the furniture all by yourself.
20. MULTIPLYING/DIVIDING used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing:
What’s 48 divided by 4?
21. EMPHASIS used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises:
By God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him!
22. FATHER if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father:
She’s got two children by her previous husband.
23. by the by spoken used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important:
By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight. ⇨ by the way at way
GRAMMAR
by, with
By.is used, especially after passive verbs, to say who or what does something:
▪The article was written by a university professor.
▪She was hit by a truck.
With.is used after verbs that describe a state rather than an action:
▪The books were covered with dust (NOT by dust).
▪Her house is always filled with music.
By.is used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
▪He replied by email.
With.is used to say what tool is used to do something:
▪Clean the surface thoroughly with a wire brush (NOT by a wire brush).
by2 S1 W1 adverb
1. past someone or something:
As I was standing on the platform, the Liverpool train went whizzing by.
James walked by without even looking in my direction.
2. used to say that time passes:
As the summer days slipped by, it was easy to forget about the war.
Ten years had gone by since I had last seen Marilyn.
3. beside or near someone or something:
A crowd of people were standing by, waiting for an announcement.
4. in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
Why don’t you stop by for a drink after work?
5. by and large used when making a general statement:
By and large, the new arrangements have worked well.
6. by and by old use soon:
She will be better by and by.
| I |
preposition Language: Old English
Origin: be, bi
1. WHO/WHAT DOES SOMETHING used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen:Origin: be, bi
2. MEANS/METHOD used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
by car/train/bus/taxi etc
by air/sea/land/road/rail etc
by doing something
3. ROAD/DOOR used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place:
4. TAKING HOLD used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of:
5. WRITER/COMPOSER ETC used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc:
6. BESIDE beside or near something:
7. PAST past someone or something without stopping:
8. BEFORE before or not later than a particular time:
9. ACCORDING TO according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things:
10. CHANGE/DIFFERENCE used to say how great a change or difference is:
11. MEASUREMENTS used to give the measurements of a room, container etc:
12. QUANTITY used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something:
13. GRADUAL CHANGE used to say that something happens gradually:
14. QUICK CHANGE used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc:
15. LIGHT used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light:
16. by day/night during the day or the night:
17. JOB/NATURE ETC used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc:
18. VISITING in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
19. (all) by yourself
a. completely alone:
b. without help from anyone:
20. MULTIPLYING/DIVIDING used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing:
21. EMPHASIS used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises:
22. FATHER if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father:
23. by the by spoken used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important:
GRAMMAR
by, with
By.is used, especially after passive verbs, to say who or what does something:
▪
▪
With.is used after verbs that describe a state rather than an action:
▪
▪
By.is used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
▪
With.is used to say what tool is used to do something:
▪
| II |
adverb1. past someone or something:
2. used to say that time passes:
3. beside or near someone or something:
4. in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
5. by and large used when making a general statement:
6. by and by old use soon:
Ways of saying 'in general' “通常” 的表达方式
◆ Women generally earn less than men.女人通常比男人挣钱少。 ◆ Generally speaking , jobs traditionally done by women are paid at a lower rate than those traditionally done by men.一般来说，传统上由妇女干的工作比传统上由男人干的工作报酬低。 ◆ In general /By and large , women do not earn as much as men.总的说来，女人不如男人挣钱多。 ◆ Certain jobs, like nursing and cleaning, are still mainly carried out by women.有些工作仍然主要由女性做，比如护理和保洁。 ◆ Senior management posts are predominantly held by men.高层管理职位大多由男性担任。 ◆ Most senior management posts tend to be held by men.大多数高层管理职位通常由男性担任。 ◆ Women are, for the most part , still paid less than men.女人的薪水多半仍比男人低。 ◆ Economic and social factors are, to a large extent , responsible for women being concentrated in low-paid jobs.经济和社会因素在很大程度上导致女性集中于低报酬工作。