chalk
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++chalk1 /tʃɔːk $ tʃɒːk/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] 1 HEGsoft white or grey rock formed a long time ago from the shells of small sea animals 白垩 SYN limestone chalk cliffs 白垩质峭壁2 (also chalks [plural])AV small sticks of a white or coloured substance like soft rock, used for writing or drawing 粉笔 a box of coloured chalks 一盒彩色粉笔 a piece of chalk 一支粉笔 writing in chalk on the blackboard 黑板上的粉笔字3 chalk and cheese British EnglishDIFFERENT completely different from each other 截然不同的 The two brothers are as different as chalk and cheese. 这兄弟俩完全不一样。 They’re like chalk and cheese, those two. 这两个有天壤之别。 → long chalk at long1(21)
Examples from the Corpus
chalk• She had no money for even a blackboard and chalk, or for the slates used commonly by village children.• He could smell the harsh carbolic soap of the orphanage, then the schoolroom with its dust and chalk.• Bats flittered about him; their warning squeaks sounded like chalk on a blackboard.• A long chalk from resort children.• It makes a fertile soil for crops since here it is a mixture of clay and small particles of chalk.• A taste for dirt or chalk.• The headmaster handed me the chalk.chalk2 verb [transitive + up/on] 1.WRITEto write, mark, or draw something with chalk 用粉笔写[标记，绘画]2 chalk something ↔ up phrasal verb a) SUCCEED IN DOING somethingto succeed in getting something, especially points in a game 赢得〔尤指比分〕；取得 Seattle chalked up another win last night over Denver. 西雅图队昨晚击败了丹佛队，又取得了一场胜利。b) RECORDto record what someone has done, what someone should pay etc 记下〔某人所做的事、所欠的账等〕 to You can chalk the drinks up to my account. 你可以把酒钱记到我的账上。c) chalk it up to experience informalACCEPT to accept a failure or disappointment calmly and regard it as an experience that you can learn something from 平静地接受失败并从中吸取教训→ See Verb tableExamples from the Corpus
chalk• Less ambitiously, simple networks can be chalked on to the playground.• Ford management chalked up its most significant coup over working practices in 1985 when 500 job titles were reduced to 58.• By the time I was involved the business had chalked up losses for many years and was in deep trouble.• Since then, Maxwell has chalked up three arrests in Houston.• Red has played a good half, sinking five of six field goals, grabbing four rebounds and chalking up three assists.• Now, abruptly, she could see that he imagined he'd chalked up yet another small victory.From Longman Business Dictionarychalkchalk /tʃɔːktʃɒːk/ verb → chalk up something→ See Verb tableOrigin chalk1 Old English cealc, from Latin calx ' → LIME12', from Greek chalix “small stone”chalk1 nounchalk2 verbChinese
grey rock Corpus white soft Business formed or long a
chalk
chalk1 /tʃɔːk $ tʃɒːk/ 
noun [uncountable]1. soft white or grey rock formed a long time ago from the shells of small sea animals
SYN limestone:
chalk cliffs
2. (also chalks) [plural] small sticks of a white or coloured substance like soft rock, used for writing or drawing:
a box of coloured chalks
a piece of chalk
writing in chalk on the blackboard
3. chalk and cheese British English completely different from each other:
The two brothers are as different as chalk and cheese.
They’re like chalk and cheese, those two.
⇨ long chalk at long1(21)
chalk2 verb [T + up/on]
to write, mark, or draw something with chalk
chalk something ↔ up phrasal verb
1. to succeed in getting something, especially points in a game:
Seattle chalked up another win last night over Denver.
2. to record what someone has done, what someone should pay etc
chalk something ↔ up to
You can chalk the drinks up to my account.
3. chalk it up to experience informal to accept a failure or disappointment calmly and regard it as an experience that you can learn something from
| I |
noun [uncountable]1. soft white or grey rock formed a long time ago from the shells of small sea animals SYN limestone:
2. (also chalks) [plural] small sticks of a white or coloured substance like soft rock, used for writing or drawing:
3. chalk and cheese British English completely different from each other:
⇨ long chalk at long1(21)
| II |
verb [T + up/on]to write, mark, or draw something with chalk
chalk something ↔ up phrasal verb
1. to succeed in getting something, especially points in a game:
2. to record what someone has done, what someone should pay etc
chalk something ↔ up to
3. chalk it up to experience informal to accept a failure or disappointment calmly and regard it as an experience that you can learn something from
Ways of talking about men and women 表示男女的说法
When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may be very offended if you do not. 说写英语时，重要的是用词要把男女都包括在内，否则可能会冒犯某些人。
The human race 人类
Man andmankind have traditionally been used to mean 'all men and women'. Many people now prefer to usehumanity ,the human race ,human beings orpeople .* man 和 mankind 传统上用以指所有男性和女性，不过，现在许多人喜欢用 humanity、the human race、human beings 或 people。
Jobs 职业
The suffix -ess in names of occupations such asactress ,hostess andwaitress shows that the person doing the job is a woman. Many people now avoid these. Instead you can useactor orhost (althoughactress andhostess are still very common), or a neutral word, such asserver forwaiter andwaitress .后缀 -ess 在职业的名称如 actress、hostess 和 waitress 中表明从事此职业的是女性。目前，许多人避免用这些词。取而代之的是 actor 或 host（尽管 actress 和 hostess 仍然很常见）或用中性词如 server 取代 waiter 和 waitress。 Neutral words like assistant ,worker ,person orofficer are now often used instead of-man or-woman in the names of jobs. For example, you can usepolice officer instead ofpoliceman orpolicewoman , andspokesperson instead ofspokesman orspokeswoman . Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and radio and in official writing, in bothBrE NAmE 现在职业名称常用中性词如 assistant、worker、person 或 officer 取代 -man 或 -woman。例如可用 police officer 代替 policeman 或 policewoman，用 spokesperson 代替 spokesman 或 spokeswoman。在报刊、电视、广播和公文中，英式英语和美式英语都常用中性词。 When talking about jobs that are traditionally done by the other sex, some people say: a male secretary /nurse /model (NOTman ) ora woman /female doctor /barrister /driver . However this is now not usually used unless you need to emphasize which sex the person is, or it is still unusual for the job to be done by a man/woman.谈及传统上由另一性别干的工作时，有人用 male secretary/nurse/model（不用 man）或 woman/female doctor/barrister/driver 表示。不过现在这种用法不常见，除非要强调此人的性别，或由某性别干此工作仍然少见 ：◆ My daughter prefers to see a woman doctor. 我的女儿喜欢让女医生看病。 ◆ They have a male nanny for their kids. 他们有个男保姆照料孩子。 ◆ a female racing driver 女赛车手
Pronouns 代词
He used to be considered to cover both men and women.* he 过去被认为既指男性也指女性 ：◆ Everyone needs to feel he is loved. 人人都需要有被爱的感觉。 This is not now acceptable. Instead, after everybody ,everyone ,anybody ,anyone ,somebody ,someone , etc. one of the plural pronounsthey ,them , andtheir is often used.现在此用法不获认同。取而代之的是在 everybody、everyone、anybody、anyone、somebody、someone 等之后常用复数代词 they、them 和 their ：◆ Does everybody know what they want? 人人都知道自己需要什么吗？ ◆ Somebody's left their coat here. 有人把外衣落在这儿了。 ◆ I hope nobody's forgotten to bring their passport with them. 希望没人忘了随身带上护照。 Some people prefer to use he or she ,his or her , orhim or her in speech and writing.有人在口语和书面语中喜欢用 he or she、his or her 或 him or her ：◆ Everyone knows what's best for him- or herself. 人人都知道对自己来说什么是最好的。 He/she or(s)he can also be used in writing.* he/she 或 (s)he 亦可用于书面语中 ：◆ If in doubt, ask your doctor. He/she can give you more information. 如有疑问请向你的医生咨询，他／她会给你更多的信息。 (You may find that some writers just use 'she'.) 有些人只用 she。 ：These uses can seem awkward when they are used a lot. It is better to try to change the sentence, using a plural noun. 这种说法用得太多可能显得别扭。最好尽量改动句子，用复数名词。 ：Instead of saying 避免说 ：◆ A baby cries when he or she is tired you can say 可以说 ：◆ Babies cry when they are tired. 婴儿疲倦时会哭。
