class
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++class1 /klɑːs $ klæs/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 IN A SOCIETYsocial group 社会群体 a) [countable]CLASS IN SOCIETY one of the groups in a society that different types of people are divided into according to their jobs, income, education etc 阶级，社会等级 a member of the landed class (=people who own land) 地主阶级的一员 → lower class, middle class, upper class, working class, → the chattering classes at chatter1(4) b) [uncountable]CLASS IN SOCIETY the system in which people are divided into these groups 社会等级制度 Defining the concept of class is not an easy task. 要给阶级这一概念下定义并不容易。 The class system is slowly disappearing. 旧的社会等级制度正在慢慢消失。2 GROUP OF STUDENTSstudents 学生 [countable]SECLASS/GROUP OF STUDENTS a) a group of students who are taught together 班，班级 → classmatein a class We’re in the same class for chemistry. 我们在同一个班里上数学课。5 My class are going to the Lake District.我们班打算去湖区。 Gary came top of the class in English. 加里的英文是班里顶尖的。n My class are going to the science museum. b) American English a group of students who finished studying together in the same year 同届毕业生 → classmate a class reunion 同届学生聚会the class of 1965/2001 etc (=the group of students who finished in 1965 etc) 1965/2001年等毕业生 The class of '69 spent almost as much time protesting as learning. 69年毕业生抗议的时间几乎和学习的时间一样多。n GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb?• Class is usually followed by a singular verb: The class was working on some maths problems.• In British English, you can also use a plural verb: The class were working on some maths problems.3 TEACHING PERIODteaching period 教学时段 [countable, uncountable]SE a period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school （一节）课，上课时间 SYN British English lesson I missed Bible class last week. 上周我缺席了《圣经》课。in class (=during the class) 上课时 No talking in class! 课堂上不许讲话！ He was injured in a science class. 他在一堂科学课上受了伤。4 LESSONSstudying 学习 [countable]CLASS/LESSON a series of classes in a particular subject 〔某一科目的〕课程 SYN British English courseclass in a class in photography at night school 夜校的摄影班 a dance class 舞蹈班 Cindy’s taking a class on dealing with stress. 辛迪在参加一门克服精神压力的课程。5 OF ANIMALS/PLANTS ETCsame type of STH 同类的某物 [countable]HB a group of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some way 种类，类别class of Have you passed a test for this class of vehicle? 你通过这一类别车辆的驾驶考试了吗？6 train/aircraft etc 火车/飞机等 [countable usually singular] one of the different standards of seats, food etc available on a train, aircraft etc 〔火车、飞机等的〕座位等级7 QUALITYquality 质量 [countable] a group into which people or things are divided according to their quality or abilities 〔人或事物按品质或能力划分的〕等级8 STYLEstyle/skill 风格/技巧 [uncountable] informalGOOD AT a high level of style or skill in something 〔风格、技巧等的〕优雅，出众，高超 → classy9 DEGREEuniversity degree 大学学位 [countable] British EnglishSEC one of the three levels of a university degree 〔大学学位的〕等级 COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: adjectivessocial class 社会阶层Is there a link between crime and social class? 犯罪和社会阶层之间有关系吗？the working/lower class 工人/下层阶级At this time most of the working class was very poor. 那个时候工人阶级大多非常贫穷。the middle class 中产阶级A new middle class emerged after the war. 战后出现了一个新的中产阶级。the upper class 上层阶级Members of the upper class didn’t have to work. 上层阶级的成员不需要工作。the ruling class (=the people in power) 统治阶级nFor a long time, French was the language of the ruling class.the professional class (=the people with professional jobs) 专业人士阶层nDoctors, lawyers, and teachers are all members of the professional class.the landowning/landed class (=the people who own land) 地主阶级nThis imposition of taxes angered the landed classes.the educated class 知识分子阶层nThe educated classes shared certain values and experiences.the privileged class (=people with advantages because of their wealth, social position etc) 特权阶层nHolidays abroad used to be only for the rich and privileged classes.verbsbelong to a class 属于某个阶级Like you, I belong to the working class. 我和你一样，也属于工人阶级。be a member of a class 是某个阶级的一员I suppose I’m a member of the middle class. 我大概属于中产阶级吧。class + NOUNa class system/structure (=a social system that has classes) 阶级体系/结构He felt he was a victim of the class system. 他觉得自己是阶级体系下的牺牲品。a class division 阶级划分Nowadays, class divisions are related to economic status. 如今,阶级划分与经济地位相关。class differences (=differences that exist because of your class) 阶层差异There are noticeable class differences in family size. 家庭大小有明显的阶层差异。the class struggle/war (=disagreement or fighting between different classes) 阶级斗争nthe class struggle between workers and capitalistsclass conflict 阶级矛盾nThis is the basis of class conflict in capitalist society.nclass consciousness (=being aware of what class people belong to)There is a high level of class consciousness among the workers.n THESAURUSclass a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught togetherThere are twenty kids in the class.She gets along well with the other children in her class.I’m going out with some friends from my dance class.'I graduated in 1999.' 'What class were you in?'background the type of home and family you come from, and its social classThe school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds.We come from the same town and share a similar background. | working-class/middle-class etc backgroundThe organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university.middle-class belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-classThe newspaper’s readers are mostly middle class.They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town.white-collar someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc: white-collar worker/job/employeeThe economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs.working-class belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are working-classMost of the people who live round here are working class.I come from a working-class family – I’m the first one to graduate from college.blue-collar someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office: blue-collar worker/job/employeeHis political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers.upper-class belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of landMost senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families.He spoke with an upper-class accent.underclass the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etcThe government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society. COLLOCATIONS – Meanings 3 & 4ADJECTIVES/NOUN + classa French/geography/history etc class 法语课/地理课/历史课等I have a history class at nine o'clock today. 我今天9点有一节历史课。an evening class 夜校Mum goes to an evening class on Tuesdays. 妈妈每周二要上夜校。a beginners’/elementary/intermediate/advanced class (=teaching different levels of a subject) 基础班/初级班/中级班/高级班nAn advanced class might be available.verbsgo to/attend a class 上课I’ve got to go to a science class now. 我现在得去上自然课了。attend class (=go to classes regularly) 上课You can’t pass your exams if you don’t attend class. 如果你缺课太多，就不能通过考试。take a class (=go to classes as a student) 〔学生〕上课I’m taking some art classes at the moment. 我目前在上一些艺术课。teach a class 授课One of the other teachers was ill so I taught her class. 有个老师病了，我代她的课。miss a class (=not go to one) 缺课nStudents who miss classes get behind with their work.be late for class 上课迟到nDavid was late for class again.have a class especially American English (=as a student or teacher) 〔学生或老师〕有课nWhat classes do you have this morning?hold a class (=provide a class) 开课nEvening classes are held in the local school.
Examples from the Corpus
class• My dad's going to his 40th class reunion this year.• French is one of a class of languages known as the Romance languages.• See, I spent two years of core classes and you get to meet all the professors.• I'm going out with some friends from my dance class.• The treaty called for the elimination of an entire class of nuclear weapons.• Ten years ago, fewer than 100 Harvard students took entrepreneur classes, he said.• Let's go - I have my first class in 10 minutes!• Heidi fainted during French class today!• She gets along well with the other children in her class.• After they had used swear words once in class, he argued, they would never use them again.• Moreover, there is no doubt that in large classes this practice can ease the burden on the class teacher.• the professional and managerial classes• The Republicans are promising tax cuts for the middle class.• I was talking to a girl in my class about the math homework.• Doctors are reluctant to prescribe a new class of drugs, especially ones which need to be taken for long periods of time.• When's your next class?• The old class system is slowly disappearing.• Success in this country seems to be based on class rather than on ability.• People were excluded from education based on class and race.• One day I changed from second class to high class.• Today we only had a small class of ten people.• There is a clear link between social class and educational achievement.• Marxism, my friend, has studied economics and the social classes.• Special classes of applicant Like other institutions the Polytechnic has paid increased attention to the recruitment of overseas students in recent years.• Some people argue that class distinctions do not exist in the U.S., but this is untrue.• But all important ones must pass through that process, and ours certainly falls into that class.• There are twenty kids in the class.• I graduated in 1999. What class were you in?in a class• For anything up to £500, this place can fix you up with a fashion accessory in a class of its own.• I have never had anyone query this before, but some one did in class last year.• Not even seeing them onstage, just in class, and there I was, eyes like saucers.• The cultural divisions displayed in Table 6.1 are presented by Nizan in class terms.• Students who gagged at the farrago Jeffries was spooning out knew better than to let on in class.• Meanwhile, Sabino High, top-ranked in Class 4A, was beaten by Tempe and knocked out of the playoffs.• Frye saw this same commitment in some of the immigrant students in class.• But a great many of them are deeply damaged and turn up in class with all kinds of emotional and behavioural disorders.in class• I'm sure we read that article in class.class in• a class in computer designfirst/business/tourist etc class• One-way full fares are $ 139 second class, $ 199 first class.• Her misery was made complete because she was separated from her two sons who were flying first class.• The breakfast that is included is first class, and the hotel also serves fabulous dinners.• We were one of the first classes to get instrument training.• Most examinees belong to the first class, most examiners to the third.• The first class Regency Restaurant is one of the most elegant in Brighton and Hove.• I upgraded to first class and ranted when a negroni could not be provided.nicer/better etc class of something• By helping teachers to set real-life problems for pupils, employers get a better class of recruit.• I shall vote Tory because they have a better class of cliché.• Always fly economy-you sit next to a better class of people.• A nicer class of people than what you ... what I meet ... met in the ordinary way.• No, they suffer from an altogether different, better class of marital breakdown.• The young Francis had been educated with the sons of the better class of tradesmen.• I am conversant with Gibbon, Toynbee, your better class of historians.have/show class• He was due to be put down because he did not have the right ears for a show class pedigree corgi.• Many science teachers already have classes in excess of 25 pupils.• Skischools nearly always have classes for expert skiers which explore the mountains with their instructors.• At this stage its members have class consciousness and class solidarity.• Oh we have cards, we have classes.• Now, just okay now do you have class tonight.• Have a good evening. 1904 How can you, you have class tomorrow night?class2 ●●○ verb [transitive] THINK ABOUTto consider people, things etc as belonging to a particular group, using an official system 把…归类；把…看作 SYN classifyclass somebody/something as something Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs. 海洛因和可卡因被归入硬毒品一类。n Grammar Class is often passive.→ See Verb tableExamples from the Corpus
class• This prison houses the most dangerous criminals in Britain, those classed as "category A'.• Respondent: No I wouldn't, I wouldn't class them as being Northumbrians.class somebody/something as something• Stewart's books are classed as romantic mysteries.From Longman Business Dictionaryclassclass /klɑːsklæs/ noun [countable]1one of the groups that society can be divided into according to their jobs, income etcthe professional classesSocial class 4 consists of semi-skilled manual occupations.a working-class area of the city2a particular quality of product or serviceMany more women are now buying their own luxury class jewellery.Boeing 767s have 174 seats — 14 for first class, 30 for business class, and 130 for economy class.3a particular type of product or serviceThe company is developing a new class of pharmaceuticals based on nucleotides.4FINANCE a particular type of a company’s liabilities, or the people to whom they are owedOne class of secured creditors will receive 95% of the face value of their bonds.5FINANCE class A/B etc shares different types of shares in a company whose owners have different rights in the company, for example different voting rights and different rights to be repaid if the company goes bankruptGoogle said it planned to sell 14.16 million of its Class A shares.Origin class1 (1500-1600) French classe, from Latin classis “class of citizens, social class”class1 noun →n GRAMMAR1 →COLLOCATIONS1
→COLLOCATIONS2 →n THESAURUS1class2 verb →n GRAMMAR1LDOCE OnlineChinese
→COLLOCATIONS2 →n THESAURUS1class2 verb →n GRAMMAR1LDOCE OnlineChinese
of Business the a groups society Corpus in one
class
class1 S1 W1 /klɑːs $ klæs/ 
noun
a. [countable] one of the groups in a society that different types of people are divided into according to their jobs, income, education etc:
a member of the landed class (=people who own land) ⇨ lower class, middle class, upper class, working class, ⇨ the chattering classes at chatter1(4)
b. [uncountable] the system in which people are divided into these groups:
Defining the concept of class is not an easy task.
The old class system is slowly disappearing.
2. STUDENTS [C, also + plural verb British English]
a. a group of students who are taught together ⇨ classmate
in a class
We’re in the same class for math.
Gary came top of the class in English.
My class are going to the Lake District.
b. American English a group of students who finished studying together in the same year ⇨ classmate:
a class reunion
the class of 1965/2001 etc (=the group of students who finished in 1965 etc)
The class of '69 spent almost as much time protesting as learning.
3. TEACHING PERIOD [uncountable and countable] a period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school
SYN lesson British English:
I missed Bible class last week.
in class (=during the class)
No talking in class__
He was injured in a science class.
4. STUDYING [countable] a series of classes in a particular subject
SYN course British English
class in
a class in photography at night school
a dance class
Cindy’s taking a class on dealing with stress.
5. SAME TYPE OF SOMETHING [countable] a group of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some way
class of
Have you passed a test for this class of vehicle?
6. TRAIN/AIRCRAFT ETC [countable usually singular] one of the different standards of seats, food etc available on a train, aircraft etc
first/business/tourist etc class
We always travel first class.
7. QUALITY [countable] a group into which people or things are divided according to their quality or abilities
nicer/better etc class of something
The port now attracts a wealthier class of visitor.
in a class of its own/in a different class (=better than everything else)
Its sheer versatility puts this computer in a different class.
He’s not in the same class (=not as good) as her at tennis.
8. STYLE/SKILL [uncountable] informal a high level of style or skill in something ⇨ classy
have/show class
The team showed real class in this afternoon’s match.
A fountain will give your garden a touch of class.
class player/actress etc
a class act informal (=someone who is skilful, attractive etc)
Laughton is a class act who’s proved his worth in the game. ⇨ high-class, low-class
9. UNIVERSITY DEGREE [countable] British English one of the three levels of a university degree:
a second class degree
■ adjectives
▪social class Is there a link between crime and social class?
▪the working/lower class At this time most of the working class was very poor.
▪the middle class A new middle class emerged after the war.
▪the upper class Members of the upper class didn’t have to work.
▪the ruling class (=the people in power) For a long time, French was the language of the ruling class.
▪the professional class (=the people with professional jobs) Doctors, lawyers, and teachers are all members of the professional class.
▪the landowning/landed class (=the people who own land) This imposition of taxes angered the landed classes.
▪the educated class The educated classes shared certain values and experiences.
▪the privileged class (=people with advantages because of their wealth, social position etc) Holidays abroad used to be only for the rich and privileged classes.
■ verbs
▪belong to a class Like you, I belong to the working class.
▪be a member of a class I suppose I’m a member of the middle class.
■ class + NOUN
▪a class system/structure (=a social system that has classes) He felt he was a victim of the class system.
▪a class division Nowadays, class divisions are related to economic status.
▪class differences (=differences that exist because of your class) There are noticeable class differences in family size.
▪the class struggle/war (=disagreement or fighting between different classes) the class struggle between workers and capitalists
▪class conflict This is the basis of class conflict in capitalist society.
▪class consciousness (=being aware of what class people belong to) There is a high level of class consciousness among the workers.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + class
▪a French/geography/history etc class I have a history class at nine o'clock today.
▪an evening class Mum goes to an evening class on Tuesdays.
▪a beginners’/elementary/intermediate/advanced class (=teaching different levels of a subject) An advanced class might be available.
■ verbs
▪go to/attend a class I’ve got to go to a science class now.
▪attend class (=go to classes regularly) You can’t pass your exams if you don’t attend class.
▪take a class (=go to classes as a student) I’m taking some art classes at the moment.
▪teach a class One of the other teachers was ill so I taught her class.
▪miss a class (=not go to one) Students who miss classes get behind with their work.
▪be late for class David was late for class again.
▪have a class especially American English (=as a student or teacher) What classes do you have this morning?
▪hold a class (=provide a class) Evening classes are held in the local school.
▪ class a group of students or schoolchildren who are taught together: There are twenty kids in the class. | She gets along well with the other children in her class. | I’m going out with some friends from my dance class. | 'I graduated in 1999.' 'What class were you in?'
▪background the type of home and family you come from, and its social class: The school takes kids from all sorts of backgrounds. | We come from the same town and share a similar background. | working-class/middle-class etc background : The organization helps children from working-class backgrounds to go to university.
▪middle-class belonging to the class of people who are usually well educated, fairly rich, and who work in jobs which they have trained to do. For example, doctors, lawyers, and managers are middle-class: The newspaper’s readers are mostly middle class. | They live in a middle-class neighbourhood on the edge of town.
▪white-collar someone who works in an office, not a factory, mine etc: white-collar worker/job/employee : The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs.
▪working-class belonging to the class of people who do not have much money or power, and who have jobs where they do physical work. For example, factory workers, builders, and drivers are working-class: Most of the people who live round here are working class. | I come from a working-class family – I’m the first one to graduate from college.
▪blue-collar someone who does physical work, for example in a factory or a mine, and does not work in an office: blue-collar worker/job/employee : His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers.
▪upper-class belonging to the class of people who originally had most of the money and power, especially families that own a lot of land: Most senior politicians in the UK are from upper-class families. | He spoke with an upper-class accent.
▪underclass the lowest social class, who are very poor and may not have jobs, homes etc: The government has created an underclass who do not feel they have any rights in society.
class2 verb [transitive often passive]
to consider people, things etc as belonging to a particular group, using an official system
SYN classify
class somebody/something as something
Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs.
| I |
noun Date: 1500-1600
Language: French
Origin: classe, from Latin classis 'class of citizens, social class'
1. SOCIAL GROUP Language: French
Origin: classe, from Latin classis 'class of citizens, social class'
a. [countable] one of the groups in a society that different types of people are divided into according to their jobs, income, education etc:
b. [uncountable] the system in which people are divided into these groups:
2. STUDENTS [C, also + plural verb British English]
a. a group of students who are taught together ⇨ classmate
in a class
b. American English a group of students who finished studying together in the same year ⇨ classmate:
the class of 1965/2001 etc (=the group of students who finished in 1965 etc)
3. TEACHING PERIOD [uncountable and countable] a period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school
SYN lesson British English:
in class (=during the class)
4. STUDYING [countable] a series of classes in a particular subject
SYN course British English
class in
5. SAME TYPE OF SOMETHING [countable] a group of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some way
class of
6. TRAIN/AIRCRAFT ETC [countable usually singular] one of the different standards of seats, food etc available on a train, aircraft etc
first/business/tourist etc class
7. QUALITY [countable] a group into which people or things are divided according to their quality or abilities
nicer/better etc class of something
in a class of its own/in a different class (=better than everything else)
8. STYLE/SKILL [uncountable] informal a high level of style or skill in something ⇨ classy
have/show class
class player/actress etc
a class act informal (=someone who is skilful, attractive etc)
9. UNIVERSITY DEGREE [countable] British English one of the three levels of a university degree:
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| II |
verb [transitive often passive]to consider people, things etc as belonging to a particular group, using an official system
SYN classify
class somebody/something as something
Learning 学习
acquire/get/lack (an) education/training/( (some) qualificationsBrE 获得／缺少教育／培训／资格 receive/provide sb with training/tuition得到／给某人提供培训／指导 develop/design/plan a curriculum/( course/especially
BrE ( program/syllabusNAmE 制订课程方案／教学大纲 give/go to/attend a class/lesson/lecture/seminar讲课；上课；举办／参加／出席研讨会 hold/run/conduct a class/seminar/workshop办班；举办研讨会／讲习班 sign up for/take a course/classes/lessons报名参加／修读课程
School 学校
go to/start preschool/kindergarten/nursery school上学前班／幼儿园／托儿所 be in the first, second, etc. ( grade/NAmE ( year (at school)especially
BrE 在读一年级、二年级等 study/take/drop history/chemistry/German, etc.修读／放弃修历史课／化学课／德语课等 ( BrE leave/finish/drop out of/ ( NAmE quit school离校；完成学业；辍学；退学 ( NAmE graduate high school/college高中／大学毕业
Problems at school 在学校遇到的问题
be the victim/target of bullying成为被欺负的受害者／对象 ( BrE play truant from/ ( both
BrE bunk off/skive off school (= not go to school when you should)逃学 ( both especially
NAmE skip/cut class/school逃课；逃学 ( BrE cheat in/( NAmE cheat on an exam/a test考试作弊 get/be given a detention (for doing sth)（因做了某事）被罚放学后留校 be expelled from/be suspended from school被学校开除／暂时停学
Work and exams 功课和考试
do your homework/( revision/a project on sthBrE 做家庭作业；复习功课；对…做专题研究 work on/write/do/submit an essay/a dissertation/a thesis/an assignment/( a paperNAmE 写／提交文章／学位论文／毕业论文／作业／论文 finish/complete your dissertation/thesis/studies/coursework完成学位论文／毕业论文／学业／课程作业 hand in/ ( NAmE turn in your homework/essay/assignment/paper提交家庭作业／文章／作业／论文 study/prepare/ ( BrE revise/ ( NAmE review/ ( NAmE cram for a test/an exam为应考而学习／准备／复习／临时死记硬背 take/ ( both
BrE do/sit a test/an exam参加考试 ( especially
BrE mark/ ( especially
NAmE grade homework/a test给作业／考试打分 ( BrE do well in/ ( NAmE do well on/ ( especially
NAmE ace a test/an exam在考试中取得好成绩 pass/fail/ ( especially
NAmE flunk a test/an exam/a class/a course/a subject测验／考试／课程／学科及格／不及格
University 大学
apply to/get into/go to/start college/( universityBrE 申请／上／开始上大学 leave/graduate from law school/college/( university (with a degree in computer science)BrE 离开／毕业于法学院；离开大学；大学毕业（取得计算机科学的学位） study for/take/ ( BrE do/complete a law degree/a degree in physics攻读／读完法学学位／物理学位课程 ( both
NAmE major/minor in biology/philosophy主修／辅修生物学／哲学 earn/receive/be awarded/get/have/hold a master's degree/a bachelor's degree/a PhD in economics获得／被授予／拿到／拥有经济学硕士学位／学士学位／博士学位
especially
usually