evidence
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++ev·i·dence1 /ˈevɪdəns/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun 1 [uncountable]PROVE facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true 证据，证明evidence of At present we have no evidence of life on other planets. 目前我们还没有其他行星上存在生命的证据。evidence for There is no evidence for these claims. 这些说法没有根据。evidence that Do you have evidence that this treatment works? 你有没有证据证明这种治疗有效？► see thesaurus at sign2 [uncountable]SCT information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty 〔法庭上证明某人有罪或无罪的〕证据，证词 Murrow’s evidence was enough to convict Hayes of murder. 默罗的证词足以证明海斯犯了谋杀罪。 He refused to give evidence at the trial. 他拒绝出庭作证。evidence against There was very little evidence against the two men. 几乎没有证据可以证明这两名男子有罪。in evidence The documents may be used in evidence at the trial. 这些文件可以在庭审时用作证据。3 be in evidence formalSHOW/BE A SIGN OF to be present and easily seen or noticed 显眼，显而易见 The police are always in evidence at football matches. 警察在足球比赛中总是很显眼。 → king's evidence, Queen's evidence, State's evidence5 GRAMMAR 语法• Evidence is an uncountable noun and has no plural form. Use a singular verb after it. evidence是不可数名词，没有复数形式，其后要用单数动词Vital evidence was destroyed.关键证据被毁。n GRAMMAR: Countable or uncountable?• Evidence is an uncountable noun and is not used in the plural. You say: The judge listened to all the evidence. ✗Don’t say: The judge listened to all the evidences.• Evidence is always followed by a singular verb: The evidence is very clear.• When talking about one fact or sign, you say a piece of evidence: The police found a vital piece of evidence. COLLOCATIONS – Meanings 1 & 2verbshave evidence 有证据Do the police have any evidence against him? 警方有什么对他不利的证据吗？find evidence (also obtain evidence formal) 找到证据The authorities failed to obtain enough evidence to convict him. 当局未能获取足够证据给他定罪。gather/collect evidence 收集证据Police experts are still collecting evidence at the scene of the crime. 警方专家仍在犯罪现场收集证据。look for/search for evidence 寻找/搜寻证据The investigation will look for evidence of financial mismanagement. 这次调查将寻找财务管理不善的证据。hide evidence 隐藏证据The killer may have tried to burn the bodies in an attempt to hide the evidence. 凶手可能为了掩盖证据而试图焚烧尸体。plant evidence (=deliberately put evidence somewhere to make someone look guilty) 栽赃He claims the evidence was planted there by the police. 他声称是警方栽赃。produce evidence (=find evidence and prepare it for a court case) 提供证据The case was adjourned to allow the police time to produce further evidence. 案件暂缓审理，给警方时间以提供进一步证据。give evidence (=tell a court about what you have seen or know to be true) (出庭)作证Ms White has agreed to give evidence at their trial. 怀特夫人已同意在他们庭审时出庭作证。consider/examine/study the evidence 审查/研究证据Having considered all the evidence, the court found him not guilty. 法庭研究了所有证据后判他无罪。adjectivesgood/clear/strong evidence 充分的/明显的/有力的证据There is clear evidence that smoking causes heart disease. 有明显证据表明吸烟导致心脏病。hard evidence (=very clear evidence which proves that something is true) 确凿的证据，铁证They have no hard evidence to support their claim. 他们没有确凿证据证明自己的说法。fresh evidence (=new evidence) 新的证据The police say they may have found fresh evidence which proves Tilly was at the scene of the crime. 警方称他们可能已经找到新的证据，证明蒂莉当时在案发现场。medical/scientific evidence 医学/科学证据There isn’t any medical evidence to support the claim. 没有医学证据支持这种说法。reliable/credible (=which people can trust or believe) 可靠的/可信的Do you think their evidence is reliable? 你认为他们的证词可信吗？flimsy (=not good enough to make you believe something) 不可信的Their conclusions are drawn from some very flimsy evidence. 他们是根据一些很不可信的证据得出结论的。convincing/compelling (=making you feel sure that something is true) 令人信服的The data provides compelling evidence that the climate is changing. 这些数据令人信服地证明了气候在变化。overwhelming (=when there is so much evidence that you are sure that something is true) 难以辩驳的The evidence against him was overwhelming. 指控他的证据无可辩驳。conclusive/incontrovertible/irrefutable evidence (=very strong evidence which cannot be disproved) 不容置疑的/无可辩驳的证据nWe need irrefutable evidence before making an arrest.nThe government claims it has conclusive evidence of the country’s nuclear weapons programme.conflicting evidence (=pieces of evidence that support different conclusions) 互相矛盾的证据nWith so much conflicting evidence, it’s almost impossible to make a decision.nincriminating evidence (=making someone seem guilty of a crime)The robbers were careful not to leave any incriminating evidence behind.ndamning evidence (=proving that someone has done something wrong)Her testimony proved to be the most damning evidence against him.circumstantial evidence (=evidence which makes something seem likely, but does not prove it) 间接证据nHis barrister claims the case against him is based on circumstantial evidence.anecdotal evidence (=based on what people believe, rather than on facts) 传闻证据nAnecdotal evidence suggests that gang-related violence is on the increase.empirical evidence (=based on scientific testing or practical experience) 实验nWhere is the empirical evidence to back up these claims?nadmissible evidence (=acceptable in a court of law)Her lawyer advised that the tape would not be admissible evidence in court.phrasesa piece of evidence 一项证据The study produced one interesting piece of evidence. 此研究提供了一项有趣的证据。not a scrap/shred of evidence (=no evidence at all) 没有丝毫证据There is not one scrap of evidence against our client. 没有丝毫证据能证明我们的委托人有罪。COMMON ERRORS ► Don’t say ‘true evidence’. Say reliable evidence.
Examples from the Corpus
evidence• evidence of life on other planets• Without any evidence we cannot prove that she was involved in murder.• The police did not have enough evidence to charge anybody with the murder.• Prosecutors believe they have enough evidence to convict Smith.• Final evidence that rhynchosaurs were herbivorous is that they occurred in large numbers; in general we expect the herbivores to outnumber carnivores.• One need not go to Budhist sociology to find evidence of self benefits.• People have been looking for evidence of life on other planets for years.• His former girlfriend was called to give evidence.• Husbands and wives cannot be forced to give evidence against each other.• And there appears to be little evidence that that will occur soon.• The defense presented some new evidence from the victim's next-door neighbor.• We can find no evidence that he ever worked for the company.• The most important piece of evidence, the murder weapon, has not been found.• There is not a shred of evidence to support such a theory.• The government's case was based on evidence gathered over a two-year investigation.• There is no scientific evidence to support this theory.• There is some evidence that a small amount of alcohol is good for you.• There is strong evidence to suggest that the Great Barrier Reef will have disappeared in 20 years time.• After examining such evidence, the Oregon court agreed with the teacher that the contract was not divisible into two parts.• In this case we must reconstitute ourselves into a court of appeal and go through all the evidence afresh.• He must draw deductions about what he thinks took place from the evidence that is presented to him.• The evidence proves clearly and beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.• I have suggested elsewhere that their presentation of their evidence benefits from closer examination.• There was no visible evidence that humans had ever lived in this valley.evidence that• The presence of the out-of-phase conduction is therefore additional evidence that significant non-electrolyte-mediated conduction is occurring.• The agents are looking for evidence that puts Kaczynski at each site where a bomb was mailed or placed, officials said.• The problems are responsive to nutrition intervention, or there is evidence that nutrition intervention will contribute to the solution. 4.• As yet, however, there is little evidence that cytokine secreting tumour infiltrating lymphocytes perform any more effectively than the parent cells.• There is no evidence that the raised incidence in Seascale extends to the two county districts nearest to Sellafield or to Cumbria generally.• Again, however, there's no evidence that voters wanted city government dismantled.• There was no evidence that either driver had been drinking.• Despite the evidence that men can raise their children, most women still do not trust them.• It agreed a new report which recorded widespread evidence that the world's temperature was increasing.evidence2 verb [transitive] formalSHOW/BE A SIGN OF to show that something exists or is true 证明as (is) evidenced by The volcano is still active, as evidenced by the recent eruption. 最近的喷发证明，这座火山依然活跃。n Grammar Evidence is usually passive.Examples from the Corpus
evidence• Iron deficiency anemia, as evidenced by a high prevalence of low hemoglobin levels, was a widespread problem.• A belief in unseen forces, perhaps, which in Auerbach's paintings are evidenced by angular vectors in the sky.• This was evidenced by the continuation of her long-established teaching methods and forms of classroom organisation between sessions with the advisory teacher.• The split between rich and poor teams has grown wider, evidenced by the few clubs going after high-priced free agents.• Some of them have been visiting inappropriate Web sites, as was evidenced by the History folder.• However, seat belts also involve a degree of inconvenience, as evidenced by the unwillingness of many people to use them.• The Empire and the superiority it evidenced, was just the way things were, entirely natural.From Longman Business Dictionaryevidenceev‧i‧dence /ˈevɪdəns/ noun [uncountable] LAWinformation or facts given in a court of law to prove that someone is guiltyHe refused to give evidence at the trial.ev·i·dence1 noun →5 GRAMMAR1 →n GRAMMAR2
→COLLOCATIONS1evidence2 verb →n GRAMMAR1LDOCE OnlineChineseSyllable
→COLLOCATIONS1evidence2 verb →n GRAMMAR1LDOCE OnlineChineseSyllable
that clearly Corpus or facts signs Business show that
evidence
ev‧i‧dence1 S2 W1 AC /ˈevədəns, ˈevɪdəns/ 
noun
1. [uncountable] facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true
evidence of
At present we have no evidence of life on other planets.
evidence for
There is no evidence for these claims.
evidence that
Do you have evidence that this treatment works?
2. [uncountable] information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty:
Murrow’s evidence was enough to convict Hayes of murder.
He refused to give evidence at the trial.
evidence against
There was very little evidence against the two men.
in evidence
The documents may be used in evidence at the trial.
3. be in evidence formal to be present and easily seen or noticed:
The police are always in evidence at football matches.
⇨ KING’S EVIDENCE, QUEEN’S EVIDENCE, STATE’S EVIDENCE
GRAMMAR
Evidence.is an uncountable noun and has no plural form. Use a singular verb after it:
▪Vital evidence was destroyed.
■ verbs
▪have evidence Do the police have any evidence against him?
▪find evidence (also obtain evidence formal) The authorities failed to obtain enough evidence to convict him.
▪gather/collect evidence Police experts are still collecting evidence at the scene of the crime.
▪look for/search for evidence The investigation will look for evidence of financial mismanagement.
▪hide evidence The killer may have tried to burn the bodies in an attempt to hide the evidence.
▪plant evidence (=deliberately put evidence somewhere to make someone look guilty) He claims the evidence was planted there by the police.
▪produce evidence (=find evidence and prepare it for a court case) The case was adjourned to allow the police time to produce further evidence.
▪give evidence (=tell a court about what you have seen or know to be true) Ms White has agreed to give evidence at their trial.
▪consider/examine/study the evidence Having considered all the evidence, the court found him not guilty.
■ adjectives
▪good/clear/strong evidence There is clear evidence that smoking causes heart disease.
▪hard evidence (=very clear evidence which proves that something is true) They have no hard evidence to support their claim.
▪fresh evidence (=new evidence) The police say they may have found fresh evidence which proves Tilly was at the scene of the crime.
▪medical/scientific evidence There isn’t any medical evidence to support the claim.
▪reliable/credible (=which people can trust or believe) Do you think their evidence is reliable?
▪flimsy (=not good enough to make you believe something) Their conclusions are drawn from some very flimsy evidence.
▪convincing/compelling (=making you feel sure that something is true) The data provides compelling evidence that the climate is changing.
▪overwhelming (=when there is so much evidence that you are sure that something is true) The evidence against him was overwhelming.
▪conclusive/incontrovertible/irrefutable evidence (=very strong evidence which cannot be disproved) We need irrefutable evidence before making an arrest. | The government claims it has conclusive evidence of the country’s nuclear weapons programme.
▪conflicting evidence (=pieces of evidence that support different conclusions) With so much conflicting evidence, it’s almost impossible to make a decision.
▪incriminating evidence (=making someone seem guilty of a crime) The robbers were careful not to leave any incriminating evidence behind.
▪damning evidence (=proving that someone has done something wrong) Her testimony proved to be the most damning evidence against him.
▪circumstantial evidence (=evidence which makes something seem likely, but does not prove it) His barrister claims the case against him is based on circumstantial evidence.
▪anecdotal evidence (=based on what people believe, rather than on facts) Anecdotal evidence suggests that gang-related violence is on the increase.
▪empirical evidence (=based on scientific testing or practical experience) Where is the empirical evidence to back up these claims?
▪admissible evidence (=acceptable in a court of law) Her lawyer advised that the tape would not be admissible evidence in court.
■ phrases
▪a piece of evidence The study produced one interesting piece of evidence.
▪not a scrap/shred of evidence (=no evidence at all) There is not one scrap of evidence against our client.
■ COMMON ERRORS
► Do not say 'true evidence'. Say reliable evidence.
▪ sign [countable] an event, fact etc that shows that something is happening or that something is true or exists: The curtains were still drawn and there was no sign of activity. | A score of 80 or more is a sign that you are doing very well.
▪indication [countable] a sign. Indication is more formal than sign: Recently there have been several indications of improving relations. | There was no indication the killings were related to the drug trade.
▪evidence [uncountable] facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true, especially something that you are trying to prove: Scientists are hoping to find evidence that there was once life on Mars. | There was not enough evidence to convict him of the murder.
▪symptom [countable] a sign that someone has an illness or that a serious problem exists: The first symptoms are tiredness and loss of weight. | Is this a symptom of the decay of Western civilization?
▪indicator [countable] a sign that shows you what is happening or what is true – used about a process, or about the state or level of something: There are a number of indicators of economic slowdown. | The tests are considered a good indicator of intelligence.
▪signal [countable] a sign that shows that you should do something, or that you have a particular attitude: Severe chest pain is a warning signal that cannot be ignored. | Legalizing drugs could send the wrong signal to young people.
▪mark [countable] a sign, especially that you respect or honour someone: People stood in silence as a mark of respect. | It was a mark of her popularity that so many colleagues and friends attended the presentation.
evidence2 verb [transitive usually passive]
formal to show that something exists or is true:
The volcano is still active, as evidenced by the recent eruption.
| I |
noun1. [uncountable] facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true
evidence of
evidence for
evidence that
2. [uncountable] information that is given in a court of law in order to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty:
evidence against
in evidence
3. be in evidence formal to be present and easily seen or noticed:
⇨ KING’S EVIDENCE, QUEEN’S EVIDENCE, STATE’S EVIDENCE
GRAMMAR
Evidence.is an uncountable noun and has no plural form. Use a singular verb after it:
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► Do not say 'true evidence'. Say reliable evidence.
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verb [transitive usually passive]formal to show that something exists or is true:
Giving proof 提供证据
◆ There is clear evidence that TV advertising influences what children buy.有明确的证据表明电视广告影响儿童的购买行为。 ◆ It is clear from numerous studiesthat TV advertising influences what children buy.众多研究清楚地表明电视广告影响儿童的购买行为。 ◆ Recent research demonstrates that TV advertising influences children's spending habits.最近的研究表明电视广告影响儿童的消费习惯。 ◆ Many parents think that TV advertising influences their children. This view is supported by the findings of a recent study, whichshow a clear link between television advertisements and children's spending habits.许多家长认为电视广告对他们的孩子会产生影响。这一观点得到近期研究结果的支持，即电视广告和儿童消费习惯之间有明显的关联。 ◆ The findings also reveal that most children are unaware of the persuasive purpose of advertising.这些研究结果还显示大多数儿童没有意识到广告的说服意图。 ◆ There is little evidence that children understand the persuasive intent of advertising.几乎没有证据表明儿童能够理解广告的说服意图。 ◆ The results contradict claims that advertising is unrelated to children's spending habits.这些研究结果否定了广告与儿童消费习惯无关的说法。 ◆ Manufacturers argue that it is difficult to prove that advertising alone influences what children buy.生产厂商争辩说，很难证明单凭广告就能影响儿童的购买行为。
Breaking the law 犯法
break/violate/obey/uphold the law违反／违背／遵守／维护法律 be investigated/arrested/tried for a crime/a robbery/fraud因犯罪／抢劫／诈骗而被调查／逮捕／审判 be arrested/ ( especially
NAmE indicted/convicted on charges of rape/fraud/( felony chargesespecially
因被控犯强奸罪／诈骗罪／重型罪遭逮捕／起诉／定罪 be arrested on suspicion of arson/robbery/shoplifting因涉嫌纵火／抢劫／在商店行窃而被逮捕 be accused of/be charged with murder/( homicide/four counts of fraudespecially
NAmE 被指控犯有谋杀罪／杀人罪／四项诈骗罪 face two charges of indecent assault面临两项猥亵罪的指控 admit your guilt/liability/responsibility (for sth)承认（对某事的）罪责／责任 deny the allegations/claims/charges否认指控 confess to a crime坦白罪行 grant/be refused/be released on/skip/jump bail准许／不准保释；交保释金获释；弃保潜逃
The legal process 法律程序
stand/await/bring sb to/come to/be on trial受审；候审；把某人送交法院审判；开庭审理；受到审判 take sb to/come to/settle sth out of court把某人告上法庭；被法庭受理；庭外和解某事 face/avoid/escape prosecution面临／免于／逃脱起诉 seek/retain/have the right to/be denied access to legal counsel寻求／聘请／有权聘用／无权聘用律师 hold/conduct/attend/adjourn a hearing/trial开庭；出庭；休庭 sit on/influence/persuade/convince the jury担任／影响／说服陪审团 sit/stand/appear/be put/place sb in the dock坐在／站在／出现在／被送上／将某人送上被告席 plead guilty/not guilty to a crime认罪；不认罪 be called to/enter ( the witness boxBrE 被召唤进入／进入证人席 take/put sb on the stand/( the witness standNAmE 出庭作证；让某人出庭作证 call/subpoena/question/cross-examine a witness传唤／以传票传唤／讯问／盘问证人 give/hear the evidence against/on behalf of sb提供／听取对某人不利／有利的证据 raise/withdraw/overrule an objection提出／撤销／否决异议 reach a unanimous/majority verdict作出一致的／多数人赞同的裁决 return/deliver/record a verdict of not guilty/unlawful killing/accidental death作出／宣布无罪／非法杀人／意外死亡的裁决 convict/acquit the defendant of the crime宣判被告有罪／无罪 secure a conviction/your acquittal获得有罪／无罪判决 lodge/file an appeal提出上诉 appeal (against)/challenge/uphold/overturn a conviction/verdict对判决／裁决提出上诉／质疑；维持／撤销判决／裁决
Sentencing and punishment 判刑与惩罚
pass sentence on sb宣布对某人的判决 carry/face/serve a seven-year/life sentence会被判处／面临／服七年徒刑／无期徒刑 receive/be given the death penalty被判死刑 be sentenced to ten years (in prison/jail)被判十年（监禁） carry/impose/pay a fine (of $3 000)/a penalty (of 14 years imprisonment)会被判处／处以／缴纳（3 000 美元的）罚金／（14 年的）监禁 be imprisoned/jailed for drug possession/fraud/murder因持有毒品罪／诈骗罪／谋杀罪被监禁 do/serve time/ten years服刑；服十年徒刑 be sent to/put sb in/be released from jail/prison被送进监狱；把某人送进监狱；被释放出狱 be/put sb/spend X years on death row在／把某人关在死囚牢房；在死囚牢房度过…年 be granted/be denied/break (your) parole获准假释；假释遭拒；违反假释规定
