ground
Word family
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++ground1 /ɡraʊnd/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 DNearth 地面LAND/GROUND [uncountable] a) the surface of the Earth 地，地面the ground The leaves were slowly fluttering to the ground. 树叶慢慢飘落到地上。 He lay on the ground and stared up at the sky. 他躺在地上仰望天空。 The ground was frozen solid. 大地冻实了。above/below/under ground At night, badgers feed above ground. 夜间，獾来到地面上觅食。 These youngsters work 70 metres below ground level. 这些年轻人在地下70米作业。 A raised platform stood two metres off the ground. 一个凸起的平台离地面有两米高。 The air raids were followed by military action on the ground (=on land). 空袭之后是地面军事行动。 ground troops (=soldiers who fight on land) 地面部队 b) the soil on and under the surface of the Earth 土地，土壤 Dig the ground over in the autumn. 秋天的时候翻土。 Plant the seeds 2 cm deep in the ground. 把种子栽入两厘米深的地里。 The ground was dry, far too dry for growing corn. 土地太干，干得无法种庄稼。2 LAND/GROUNDarea of land 场地 a) [uncountable] an area of land without buildings, fences, woods etc 〔无建筑物、栅栏或树木的〕空地 The landscape is a mixture of open ground and woodland. 这一带有空地，也有林区。 They were standing on the waste ground (=land in a town that is not being used) behind the car park. 他们站在停车场后面的荒地上。 b) [countable] (also grounds [plural]) an area of land or sea that is used for a particular purpose 〔某种用途的〕场地 fishing grounds 渔场parade/hunting/burial etc ground These fields served as a hunting ground for the local people. 这些田地被用作当地人的狩猎场。 The rivers are used as dumping grounds for industrial waste. 这些河流被用作倾倒工业废料的地方。 He is buried in sacred ground. 他被安葬在神圣的土地上。 → playground(1) c) grounds [plural] the land or gardens surrounding a large building 〔大型建筑物周围的〕场地，庭园 We decided to take a stroll in the hotel grounds. 我们决定在酒店的庭院里散散步。3 REASON 理由grounds [plural] a good reason for doing, believing, or saying something 充分的理由，根据grounds for (doing) something Mental cruelty can be grounds for divorce. 精神折磨可以作为离婚的理由。 There are strong grounds for believing his statement. 有充分的理由可以相信他的话。have grounds to do something Did the police have reasonable grounds to arrest him? 警方有充分的理由逮捕他吗？on moral/legal/medical etc grounds The proposal was rejected on environmental grounds. 这个提议出于环保的原因被否决。on (the) grounds of something Flying was ruled out on grounds of cost. 因费用的缘故而不考虑乘飞机。 ‘You’re under arrest.’ ‘On what grounds?’ “你被捕了。”“理由是什么？”on the grounds that We oppose the bill, on the grounds that it discriminates against women. 我们反对这个议案，理由是它歧视女性。4 subject 话题 [uncountable]KNOW something a subject or area of knowledge 话题；知识领域5 opinion 观点 [uncountable] a general opinion or set of attitudes 观点，立场6 sport 运动 [countable] British English the place where a particular sport is played 运动场 → stadium7 hold/stand your ground CHANGE YOUR MIND8 get off the ground SUCCESSFULto start to be successful 开始获得成功，取得进展9 gain ground 10 lose ground SUCCESSFULto become less successful compared with someone or something you are competing with 失去优势，失利11 breeding/fertile/proving ground a situation in which something develops quickly or successfully 沃土，滋生地12 burn/raze something to the ground to destroy a city, building etc completely by fire, bombs etc 把某物烧成平地/夷为平地13 work/drive/run yourself into the ground WORK HARDto work so hard that you become very tired or ill 使自己筋疲力尽，把自己累垮14 on the ground HEREin the place or situation where something important is happening, rather than somewhere else – used especially in news reports 在现场〔指重大事件发生的现场；尤用于新闻报道〕15 stamping ground British English, stomping ground American English informal someone’s stamping ground is an area where they are known or have a lot of influence 〔某人的〕势力范围，有影响力的地方16. electrical 电气的 [singular] American EnglishTPE a wire that connects a piece of electrical equipment to the ground for safety 地线，接地线 SYN British English earth17 grounds [plural]DFD small pieces of solid material that sink to the bottom of a liquid 沉淀物，渣滓18 go to ground British EnglishHIDE/MAKE IT HARD TO FIND OR SEE to make it hard for people to find you 躲避19. run somebody/something to ground British English to succeed in finding someone or something after a long search 费尽周折找到某人/某物20. background 背景 [countable] technical the colour used as the background for a design 〔设计图的〕底色，背景 → cut the ground from under somebody’s feet at cut1(37), → have/keep both feet on the ground at foot1(18), → suit somebody down to the ground at suit2(1), → be thin on the ground at thin1(12), → hit the ground running at hit1(24) THESAURUSthe ground the surface of the Earth, or the soil on its surface 地面；土壤；土地He collapsed and fell to the ground. 他瘫倒在地上。The ground was wet and muddy. 地上潮湿泥泞。the ocean/forest/cave etc floor the ground at the bottom of the ocean, a forest, a cave etc 大洋底/森林的地面/洞底等Many wonderful creatures live on the ocean floor. 许多奇妙的生物生活在大洋之底。land used when talking about an area of ground that is owned by someone, or is used for an activity. Also used when talking about the part of the Earth’s surface that is not covered with water 〔某人拥有的〕土地；〔某种活动的〕用地；陆地His family owns a lot of land. 他家拥有大量土地。agricultural land 农业用地She got off the ferry, happy to be back on dry land. 她从渡船上下来，很高兴又回到了陆地上。terrain a type of land – used when talking about how easy an area of land is to cross, and whether it is rocky, flat etc 地形,地势The Land Rover is built to go over rough terrain. 路虎是为穿越崎岖地形而设计的。The terrain gets flatter when you go further south. 越往南地势越平坦。earth/soil the substance that plants grow in 土壤，泥土The vegetables were still covered in black soil. 这些蔬菜上还带着黑土。mud wet earth 烂泥Your shoes are covered in mud. 你的鞋上全是烂泥。Examples from the Corpus
ground• Agnes and Weston are alike concerned that the marriage has not been made on the best grounds.• This time, however, Daley began giving ground, making concessions.• Stooping, shamed, he caressed the hallowed ground.• In the middle of the forest was a bare patch of marshy ground.• However, there are other grounds for expecting a reduction in peeking rate with increasing flock size.• The cold air is made even more apparent by the swift footwork when the entire cast jump lightly upwards away from the ground.• He kicked Cook as he lay on the ground.• A libation of orange juice poured out on the ground to the memory of Uncle Max, that's all.• He tumbled to the ground, writhed around on the dirt and covered himself with dust.• The ground sloped down from where we stood to the lake shore.• The ground was covered with snow.ground troops• The mock load could be ammunition or supplies for ground troops ... or emergency aid for refugees.• The air force created airborne units versed in machine-gun strafing and rocket-launching operations in support of ground troops.• Send ground troops to enforce - not just oversee - a peace?• Fire support missions were dangerous for the crews and, if badly done, dangerous for the ground troops, as well.• The scouts or the ground troops would find the enemy or be in contact.• They also wanted to show their troops that they were part of the battle and supported the ground troops with our firepower.familiar/home ground• It is a liberal city, home ground to Kim Dae Jung, a longtime leader of opponents of authoritarian rule.• Moral: Stay out of the war unless it is on home grounds.• The outside world is, for the social actor, the opposite of his own home ground.• Until his polar opposite steps lightly down on to his moon-paved home ground, the sleek beast-headed man sits at peace, inviolable.• She has picked home ground and imposed the tutorial format on him.• The more there are of the stay-at-homes, the less warm the welcome for foreign rivals on the home ground.• Rabbits are not territorial creatures to the extent of evicting other rabbits moving into their home ground from further afield.• To me this was familiar ground.give ground• This time, however, Daley began giving ground, making concessions.• Those old animosities within the union leadership, as well as the rank and file, give ground grudgingly.• Some of the utterances of ecumenical s gave ground for this suspicion.• She gave ground grudgingly, and we wound up agreeing to a three-way split.• Neither side gave ground in Maine's budget battle.• The New Yorkers began to give ground...• This is a proper negotiation, in which both sides will have to give ground if we are to achieve a solution.• Does he withdraw his front foot, indicating his preference to give ground?• Each side was therefore unwilling to give ground and ready to support or go to the aid of their colleagues.home ground• It is a liberal city, home ground to Kim Dae Jung, a longtime leader of opponents of authoritarian rule.• Neighbors has been noted and debated on home ground.• Moral: Stay out of the war unless it is on home grounds.• I wouldn't dream of meeting my ex-husband again unless I was on home ground.• The outside world is, for the social actor, the opposite of his own home ground.• Until his polar opposite steps lightly down on to his moon-paved home ground, the sleek beast-headed man sits at peace, inviolable.• The more there are of the stay-at-homes, the less warm the welcome for foreign rivals on the home ground.• The problems for North continued on Sunday when they lost by runs to Downpatrick at their home ground.• Rabbits are not territorial creatures to the extent of evicting other rabbits moving into their home ground from further afield.ground2 ●○○ verb 1 aircraft 飞机 [transitive]TTAPREVENT to stop an aircraft or pilot from flying 禁止〔飞机或飞行员〕飞行，使停飞2 boat 船 [intransitive, transitive]TTWSTOP MOVING if you ground a boat or if it grounds, it hits the bottom of the sea so that it cannot move （使）〔船〕搁浅3 be grounded in/on something COME FROM/ORIGINATEto be based on something 以某事物为根据4 child 小孩 [transitive] informalFORBID to stop a child going out with their friends as a punishment for behaving badly 罚〔小孩〕不准出门5. electricity 电 [transitive] American EnglishTPE to make a piece of electrical equipment safe by connecting it to the ground with a wire 把〔电器〕接地 SYN earth British English6 ground somebody in something phrasal verb TEACHto teach someone the basic things they should know in order to be able to do something 对〔某人〕进行基本训练 → well-grounded→ See Verb tableExamples from the Corpus
ground• The seeds are often ground and the resulting powder is a basic ingredient of curry spice mix.• You'll be grounded for a week if I catch you smoking again.• I can't go to the movie with you -- I'm grounded for the next two weeks.• Mr Finkelstein grounded his kids after they were caught fighting at school.• In his day, he said, students were grounded in spelling and had learned poetry and the Bible by heart.• I ground my teeth through the second shutdown.• Ground the black cable to the engine block, and then connect the red cable to the batteries.• Manny Ramirez, who had homered in the opening inning, grounded wide of third.ground3 adjective [only before noun] 1.DFground coffee or nuts have been broken up into powder or very small pieces, using a special machine 〔咖啡或坚果〕磨细的，磨碎的 → grindExamples from the Corpus
ground• ground almonds• Don't overlook ground arrangements: Airports such as Washington National, a 50p subway ride from downtown, are rare.• freshly ground black coffee• My feet find only forest vegetation, ground creepers.• Two other crew were to be carried, Mr. Gillroy as wireless operator and Mr. Davies as ground engineer.• They need the cash to pay off debt and also ground improvements like seating the kop next summer.• In urban areas, water is removed by means of continuous pipes or drains below ground level.• They have two sources of origin, above and below ground level.• Season generously with freshly ground pepper and add salt to taste.• Squeeze over some lemon juice and add freshly ground pepper.ground4 1.x-refthe past tense and past participle of grind1 grind的过去式和过去分词From Longman Business Dictionarygroundground1 /graʊnd/ noun [countable usually plural]1a reason, often a legal or official one, for doing or believing somethingground forThere are grounds for optimism that the slump in the housing market may end.Are there grounds for dismissing him?The factory was closed on health and safety grounds.2FINANCE gain ground to get an advantage or to rise in priceThe dollar gained ground against sterling.3FINANCE lose ground to lose an advantage or to fall in pricePrices were lower across the board, with nearly all blue-chip stocks losing ground.4get off the ground if a plan, business idea etc gets off the ground, it gets started or it starts to be successfulThis fund is intended to help new projects get off the ground.5break new ground to do something completely new that no one has ever done before or discover something new about a subjectOur scientists are breaking new ground in AIDS research.groundground2 verb be grounded in something to be based on a particular idea, principle etcHis fiscal strategy is firmly grounded in Keynesian economics.→ See Verb tableOrigin ground1 Old English grundground1 noun →10-20
→THESAURUS1ground2 verb →n GRAMMAR1ground3 adjectiveground4LDOCE OnlineChinese
→THESAURUS1ground2 verb →n GRAMMAR1ground3 adjectiveground4LDOCE OnlineChinese
of Corpus Earth the the surface Business
See grind for more
ground
ground1 S1 W1 /ɡraʊnd/ 
noun
a. the surface of the earth
the ground
The leaves were slowly fluttering to the ground.
He lay on the ground and stared up at the sky.
The ground was frozen solid.
above/below/under ground
At night, badgers feed above ground.
These youngsters work 70 metres below ground level.
A raised platform stood two metres off the ground.
The air raids were followed by military action on the ground (=on land).
ground troops (=soldiers who fight on land)
b. the soil on and under the surface of the earth:
Dig the ground over in the autumn.
Plant the seeds 2 cm deep in the ground.
The ground was dry, far too dry for growing corn.
2. AREA OF LAND
a. [uncountable] an area of land without buildings, fences, woods etc:
The landscape is a mixture of open ground and woodland.
They were standing on the waste ground (=land in a town that is not being used) behind the car park.
b. [countable] (also grounds [plural]) an area of land or sea that is used for a particular purpose:
fishing grounds
parade/hunting/burial etc ground
These fields served as a hunting ground for the local people.
The rivers are used as dumping grounds for industrial waste.
He is buried in sacred ground. ⇨ playground(1)
c. grounds [plural] the land or gardens surrounding a large building:
We decided to take a stroll in the hotel grounds.
3. REASON grounds [plural] a good reason for doing, believing, or saying something
grounds for (doing) something
Mental cruelty can be grounds for divorce.
There are strong grounds for believing his statement.
have grounds to do something
Did the police have reasonable grounds to arrest him?
on moral/legal/medical etc grounds
The proposal was rejected on environmental grounds.
on (the) grounds of something
Flying was ruled out on grounds of cost.
‘You’re under arrest.’ ‘On what grounds?’
on the grounds that
We oppose the bill, on the grounds that it discriminates against women.
4. SUBJECT [uncountable] a subject or area of knowledge:
At meetings, we just keep going over the same ground (=talking about the same things).
His latest movie looks set to break new ground (=introduce new and exciting ideas).
familiar/home ground (=a subject etc that you know something about)
In his latest book, McManus returns to more familiar ground.
5. OPINION [uncountable] a general opinion or set of attitudes:
Often parents and teenagers find they have little common ground (=they do not share the same attitudes etc).
the middle/centre ground (=opinions that are not extreme that most people would agree with)
Both parties are battling to occupy the centre ground.
Careful, Laura. You could be treading on dangerous ground (=expressing opinions etc that might offend someone).
Each side was unwilling to give ground (=change their opinion).
6. SPORT [countable] British English the place where a particular sport is played ⇨ stadium:
a new football ground
It’s their first defeat at their home ground (=the ground that belongs to a particular team) all season.
7. hold/stand your ground
a. to stay where you are when someone threatens you, in order to show them that you are not afraid:
The men threatened him, but he stood his ground and they fled.
b. to refuse to change your mind about something, even though people are opposing you:
Jason vowed to stand his ground, even if it meant losing his job.
8. get off the ground to start to be successful:
Her show never really got off the ground in the UK.
9. gain ground
a. to become more successful:
It was feared that the extreme right would gain ground in the election.
b. if an idea, belief etc gains ground, more people start to accept it:
His theories gradually gained ground among academics.
c. to get closer to someone or something that you are competing with
10. lose ground to become less successful compared with someone or something you are competing with:
The Indian team seem determined to regain the ground they lost in the last game.
11. breeding/fertile/proving ground a situation in which something develops quickly or successfully:
The region, with its widespread poverty, provided fertile ground for revolutionary activists.
prepare/lay the ground (=to provide the situation or conditions in which something can develop successfully)
breeding/fertile/proving ground for
My task was to prepare the ground for the recruitment of support workers.
12. burn/raze something to the ground to destroy a city, building etc completely by fire, bombs etc:
The city of Tortona was burnt to the ground.
13. work/drive/run yourself into the ground to work so hard that you become very tired or ill:
Kay’s working herself into the ground trying to meet her deadlines.
14. on the ground in the place or situation where something important is happening, rather than somewhere else – used especially in news reports:
While the politicians talk of peace, the situation on the ground remains tense.
15. stamping ground British English, stomping ground American English informal someone’s stamping ground is an area where they are known or have a lot of influence:
I guess he’ll try to reach his old stomping ground to drum up support.
16. ELECTRICAL [singular] American English a wire that connects a piece of electrical equipment to the ground for safety
SYN earth British English
17. grounds [plural] small pieces of solid material that sink to the bottom of a liquid:
coffee grounds
18. go to ground British English to make it hard for people to find you:
The man has gone to ground since his photograph was published in a national newspaper.
19. run somebody/something to ground British English to succeed in finding someone or something after a long search
20. BACKGROUND [countable] technical the colour used as the background for a design
⇨ cut the ground from under sb’s feet at cut1(37), ⇨ have/keep both feet on the ground at foot1(18), ⇨ suit somebody down to the ground at suit2(1), ⇨ be thin on the ground at thin1(12), ⇨ hit the ground running at hit1(24)
▪ the ground the surface of the earth, or the soil on its surface: He collapsed and fell to the ground. | The ground was wet and muddy.
▪the ocean/forest/cave etc floor the ground at the bottom of the ocean, a forest, a cave etc: Many wonderful creatures live on the ocean floor.
▪land used when talking about an area of ground that is owned by someone, or is used for an activity. Also used when talking about the part of the earth’s surface that is not covered with water: His family owns a lot of land. | agricultural land | She got off the ferry, happy to be back on dry land.
▪terrain a type of land – used when talking about how easy an area of land is to cross, and whether it is rocky, flat etc: The Land Rover is built to go over rough terrain. | The terrain gets flatter when you go further south.
▪earth/soil the substance that plants grow in: The vegetables were still covered in black soil.
▪mud wet earth: Your shoes are covered in mud.
ground2 verb
All planes are grounded until the fog clears.
2. BOAT [intransitive and transitive] if you ground a boat or if it grounds, it hits the bottom of the sea so that it cannot move:
Both boats grounded on a mud bank.
3. be grounded in/on something to be based on something:
Lewis’ ideas were grounded in his Christian faith.
4. CHILD [transitive] informal to stop a child going out with their friends as a punishment for behaving badly:
I got home at 2 am and Dad grounded me on the spot.
5. ELECTRICITY [transitive] American English to make a piece of electrical equipment safe by connecting it to the ground with a wire
SYN earth British English
⇨ well-grounded
ground somebody in something phrasal verb
to teach someone the basic things they should know in order to be able to do something:
Most seven-year-olds are grounded in the basics of reading and writing.
ground3 adjective [only before noun]
ground coffee or nuts have been broken up into powder or very small pieces, using a special machine ⇨ grind
ground4
the past tense and past participle of grind1
| I |
noun Word Family: noun: ground, underground, grounding, GROUNDS; adjective: goundless, underground ≠ overground, grounded; verb: ground; adverb: underground
Language: Old English
Origin: grund
1. EARTH [uncountable]Origin: grund
a. the surface of the earth
the ground
above/below/under ground
b. the soil on and under the surface of the earth:
2. AREA OF LAND
a. [uncountable] an area of land without buildings, fences, woods etc:
b. [countable] (also grounds [plural]) an area of land or sea that is used for a particular purpose:
parade/hunting/burial etc ground
c. grounds [plural] the land or gardens surrounding a large building:
3. REASON grounds [plural] a good reason for doing, believing, or saying something
grounds for (doing) something
have grounds to do something
on moral/legal/medical etc grounds
on (the) grounds of something
on the grounds that
4. SUBJECT [uncountable] a subject or area of knowledge:
familiar/home ground (=a subject etc that you know something about)
5. OPINION [uncountable] a general opinion or set of attitudes:
the middle/centre ground (=opinions that are not extreme that most people would agree with)
6. SPORT [countable] British English the place where a particular sport is played ⇨ stadium:
7. hold/stand your ground
a. to stay where you are when someone threatens you, in order to show them that you are not afraid:
b. to refuse to change your mind about something, even though people are opposing you:
8. get off the ground to start to be successful:
9. gain ground
a. to become more successful:
b. if an idea, belief etc gains ground, more people start to accept it:
c. to get closer to someone or something that you are competing with
10. lose ground to become less successful compared with someone or something you are competing with:
11. breeding/fertile/proving ground a situation in which something develops quickly or successfully:
prepare/lay the ground (=to provide the situation or conditions in which something can develop successfully)
breeding/fertile/proving ground for
12. burn/raze something to the ground to destroy a city, building etc completely by fire, bombs etc:
13. work/drive/run yourself into the ground to work so hard that you become very tired or ill:
14. on the ground in the place or situation where something important is happening, rather than somewhere else – used especially in news reports:
15. stamping ground British English, stomping ground American English informal someone’s stamping ground is an area where they are known or have a lot of influence:
16. ELECTRICAL [singular] American English a wire that connects a piece of electrical equipment to the ground for safety
SYN earth British English
17. grounds [plural] small pieces of solid material that sink to the bottom of a liquid:
18. go to ground British English to make it hard for people to find you:
19. run somebody/something to ground British English to succeed in finding someone or something after a long search
20. BACKGROUND [countable] technical the colour used as the background for a design
⇨ cut the ground from under sb’s feet at cut1(37), ⇨ have/keep both feet on the ground at foot1(18), ⇨ suit somebody down to the ground at suit2(1), ⇨ be thin on the ground at thin1(12), ⇨ hit the ground running at hit1(24)
| THESAURUS |
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
| II |
verb Word Family: noun: ground, underground, grounding, GROUNDS; adjective: goundless, underground ≠ overground, grounded; verb: ground; adverb: underground
1. AIRCRAFT [transitive usually passive] to stop an aircraft or pilot from flying: 2. BOAT [intransitive and transitive] if you ground a boat or if it grounds, it hits the bottom of the sea so that it cannot move:
3. be grounded in/on something to be based on something:
4. CHILD [transitive] informal to stop a child going out with their friends as a punishment for behaving badly:
5. ELECTRICITY [transitive] American English to make a piece of electrical equipment safe by connecting it to the ground with a wire
SYN earth British English
⇨ well-grounded
ground somebody in something phrasal verb
to teach someone the basic things they should know in order to be able to do something:
| III |
adjective [only before noun]ground coffee or nuts have been broken up into powder or very small pieces, using a special machine ⇨ grind
| IV |
the past tense and past participle of grind1
often
floor the surface of a room that you walk on 指室内地板、地面 ：◆ She was sitting on the floor watching TV. 她坐在地板上看电视。 ground (often the ground ) the solid surface of the earth that you walk on（常作 the ground）指室外地、地面 ：◆ I found her lying on the ground. 我发现她躺在地上。 ◆ The rocket crashed a few seconds after it left the ground .火箭离开地面几秒钟便坠毁了。 land the surface of the earth that is not sea 指陆地、大地 ：◆ It was good to be back on dry land again.回到陆地上真好。 ◆ They fought both at sea and on land .他们在海上和陆上都打过仗。 earth (often the earth ) the solid surface of the world that is made of rock, soil, sand, etc.（常作 the earth）指大地、陆地、地面 ：◆ You could feel the earth shake as the truck came closer. 卡车开近时可感觉到地面在震动。
ground, land or earth? 用 ground、land 还是 earth？
Ground is the normal word for the solid surface that you walk on when you are not in a building or vehicle. You can useearth if you want to draw attention to the rock, soil etc. that the ground is made of.Land is only used when you want to contrast it with the sea.* ground 常指建筑物或车辆外的地面。如果关注的是构成大地的岩石、土壤等可用 earth。land 只在与海相对照时使用 ：◆ the land beneath our feet ◆ feel the land shake ◆ sight ground/earth ◆ travel by ground/earth
Patterns
on/under the floor/ground/earthbare floor/ground/earthto drop/fall to the floor/the ground/(the) earthto reach the floor/the ground/land
soil the top layer of the earth in which plants grow 指土壤 ：◆ Plant the seedlings in damp soil. 把幼苗种在湿润的土壤里。 mud wet soil that is soft and sticky 指泥、淤泥、泥浆 ：◆ The car wheels got stuck in the mud. 汽车轮子陷到泥里去了。 dust a fine powder that consists of very small pieces of rock, earth, etc. 指沙石、沙土、尘土 ：◆ A cloud of dust rose as the truck set off. 卡车起动时扬起一片灰尘。 clay a type of heavy sticky soil that becomes hard when it is baked and is used to make things such as pots and bricks 指黏土、陶土 ：◆ The tiles are made of clay. 这些砖是用陶土制成的。 land an area of ground, especially of a particular type 尤指某种类型的地带、土地 ：◆ an area of rich, fertile land 土地富饶肥沃的地域 earth the substance that plants grow in 指土、泥、泥土 NOTE Earth is often used about the soil found in gardens or used for gardening.* earth 常用以指花园里或种花用的泥土 ：◆ She put some earth into the pot. 她在花盆里放了一些泥土。 dirt ( soil, especially loose soilespecially
NAmE 指泥土，尤指松土、散土 ：◆ Pack the dirt firmly around the plants. 将植物周围的土培实。 ground an area of soil 指土地 ：◆ The car got stuck in the muddy ground. 汽车陷到泥地里了。 ◆ They drove across miles of rough, stony ground. 他们驶过数英里崎岖不平、多石的土地。 NOTE Ground is not used for loose soil.* ground 不用以指松土、散土 ：◆ a handful of dry ground
Patterns
good/rich soil/land/earthfertile/infertile soil/land/groundto dig the soil/mud/clay/land/earth/groundto cultivate the soil/land/ground
land an area of ground, especially one that is used for a particular purpose 尤指作特定用途的土地、地带 ：◆ agricultural land 农业用地 lot ( a piece of land that is used or intended for a particular purposeNAmE 指作某种用途的一块地、场地 ：◆ building lots 建筑用地 ◆ a parking lot 停车场 ground an area of land that is used for a particular purpose 指作特定用途的场地 ：◆ The kids were playing on waste ground near the school. 孩子们在学校附近的荒地玩耍。 ◆ the site of an ancient burial ground 古代墓地遗址
land, lot or ground? 用 land、lot 还是 ground？
space a large area of land that has no buildings on it 指无建筑物的大片空地、开阔地 ：◆ The city has plenty of open space. 这座城市有很多开阔的空地。 ◆ the wide open spaces of the Canadian prairies加拿大一片片广袤的草原 plot a small piece of land used or intended for a particular purpose 指专用的小块土地 ：◆ She bought a small plot of land to build a house.她买了一小块地盖房子。 ◆ a vegetable plot 一块菜圃
lot or plot? 用 lot 还是 plot？
Either a lot or aplot can be used for building on. Only aplot can also be used for growing vegetables or burying people.* lot 和 plot 均可作建筑用地。plot 亦可作菜地或墓地。
Patterns
an open spaceopen/empty/vacant/waste/derelict land/grounda(n) empty/vacant lot/plot
reason a cause or an explanation for sth that has happened or that sb has done; a fact that makes it right or fair to do sth 指某事发生或做某事的原因、理由、解释、道理 ：◆ He said no but he didn't give a reason. 他说不行，但没有说明原因。 explanation a statement, fact or situation that tells you why sth has happened; a reason given for sth 指解释、说明、阐述 ：◆ The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed. 最可能的解释是他的飞机晚点了。 ◆ She left the room abruptly without explanation. 她未作解释就突然离开了房间。 grounds ( a good or true reason for saying, doing or believing sthrather
指说、做或相信某事的充分理由、根据 ：◆ You have no grounds for complaint. 你没有理由抱怨。 basis ( the reason why people take a particular actionrather
指原因、缘由 ：◆ On what basis will this decision be made? 将基于何种原因作出这一决定呢？ excuse a reason, either true or invented, that you give to explain or defend your behaviour; a good reason that you give for doing sth that you want to do for other reasons 指为自己行为所作的辩护、借口、理由 ：◆ Late again! What's your excuse this time? 又迟到了！你这次有什么借口？ ◆ It gave me an excuse to take the car. 这使我有理由开车去了。 motive a reason that explains sb's behaviour 指动机、原因 ：◆ There seemed to be no motive for the murder. 这起谋杀案看不出有什么动机。 justification ( a good reason why sth exists or is donerather
指事物存在或做某事的正当理由 ：◆ I can see no possible justification for any further tax increases. 我看不出还能提出什么理由来加税了。
grounds or justification? 用 grounds 还是 justification？
pretext ( a false reason that you give for doing sth, usually sth bad, in order to hide the real reasonrather
指为掩盖做某事（通常为不好的事）的真正理由而找的借口、托辞 ：◆ He left the party early on the pretext of having to work. 他借口有事要处理，早早离开了聚会。
Patterns
(a/an) reason/explanation/grounds/basis/excuse/motive/justification/pretext for sththe reason/motive behind sthon the grounds/basis/pretextof/that… (a) good/valid reason/explanation/grounds/excuse/motive/justification
usually