rough

Word family  noun rough the rough roughage roughness adjective rough verb rough roughen adverb rough roughly

 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++朗文当代英语 5++LDOCE 5++朗文 5++

Related topics: Textures, sounds, Nature, Colours & sounds

rough1 /rʌf/ ●●● S2 W3 adjective (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)  1  not smooth 不平的CSROUGH/NOT SMOOTH having an uneven surface 〔表面〕粗糙的，不平的 OPP smooth Her hands were rough from hard work. 她的双手因为干重活而变得很粗糙。 the rough terrain at the base of the mountains 山脚下崎岖不平的地形 We were bumping over the rough ground. 我们在崎岖的地面上颠簸而行。2  not exact 不确切的APPROXIMATELY [usually before noun] not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form 不确切的，粗略的，大致的 SYN approximate a rough sketch of the house 房子的草图 a rough translation 粗略的翻译 Could you give me a rough idea what time you’ll be home? 你能告诉我你大概什么时候在家吗？ a rough estimate of the cost 对成本的粗略估计 First do a rough draft of your essay. 首先给你的文章写一个草稿。3  problems/difficulties 问题/困难DIFFICULT a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties 〔时期〕艰难的 SYN tough The first year was rough, but things have gotten better. 第一年很艰难，但现在已经好起来了。 Sounds like you had a rough day. 听上去你这一天很不顺。 We’ve been through some rough times together. 我们曾经共渡难关。 My boyfriend and I were going through a rough patch. 我和我的男朋友之间有点麻烦。 The bill is in for a rough ride in the Senate. 这项议案在参议院受阻。 It’s been rough going, but we’ve almost finished now. 很费劲，不过我们现在基本上已经完成了。4  not gentle 不温柔的VIOLENT using force, anger, or violence 粗野的，粗暴的 OPP gentle Rugby is a very rough sport. 橄榄球是一项非常粗野的运动。 Don’t be too rough – she’s only little. 别太粗暴——她还小。 Paul gave her a rough shake. 保罗使劲地摇晃她。 equipment capable of withstanding rough treatment 坚固耐用的设备 The referee won’t allow any rough stuff (=violent behaviour). 裁判不允许出现任何粗暴行为。be rough on somebody (=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way) 对某人很凶 Don’t you think you were a little rough on her? 你不觉得你对她有点凶吗？► see thesaurus at violent5  town/area etc 城镇/地区等VIOLENT a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime 〔地方〕多暴力的；犯罪率高的 a rough part of town 城里龙蛇混杂的地区6  weather/sea 天气/海DN with strong wind or storms 有暴风雨的；风浪大的 OPP calm The ship went down in rough seas. 船在汹涌的波涛中沉没了。7  voice/sound 嗓音/声音 a) ROUGH VOICEnot sounding soft or gentle, and often rather unpleasant or angry 〔声音〕不悦耳的，粗声粗气的 Barton’s deep, rough voice 巴顿低沉沙哑的嗓音 b) CSOUNDhaving an unpleasant sound, especially because there is something wrong with a machine 〔尤指机器出现故障时发出的声音〕刺耳的，难听的 The clutch sounds rough – better get it checked. 离合器的声音不对头，最好检查一下。8  simple/not well made 简单的/做得不好的SIMPLE/NOT COMPLICATED simple and often not very well made 简单的；粗糙的 a rough wooden table 粗糙的木桌9  not comfortable 不舒服的COMFORTABLE# uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions 不舒服的；条件艰苦的 The journey was long and rough. 旅途漫长而艰苦。10  have rough edges  (also be rough around the edges) a) to have some parts that are not as good as they should be, but that are not a serious problem 有小问题，有不足之处 The team has a few rough edges, but they’re winning more games. 这支球队虽然有些小问题，但他们在赢得更多的比赛。 b) if a person is rough around the edges, they are not very polite, educated etc 〔人〕粗鲁，粗俗11  rough night SLEEPa night when you did not sleep well 不眠之夜，辗转反侧的一夜 Mickey had a rough night last night. 米基昨晚睡得很不安稳。12  a rough deal something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant 不公平的待遇；不愉快的事 He’s had a rough deal with his wife leaving him like that. 他的妻子就这样离开他，这对他很不公平。13. feel rough British English informalILL to feel ill 感觉身体不适14  look rough British English informalUNTIDY to look untidy, dirty, or unhealthy 看上去邋遢[肮脏，不健康] After travelling for two days we must have looked pretty rough. 在路上走了两天，我们肯定是蓬头垢面的。15  rough and ready SIMPLE/NOT COMPLICATEDnot perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose 粗糙但能用的 The tests are only a rough and ready guide to a pupil’s future development. 这些测试只能大致看出一个学生未来的发展。16  rough justice PUNISHpunishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair 私刑 Gangs practise a kind of rough justice on their members. 黑帮对其成员用私刑。 —roughness noun [uncountable] → rough diamond, rough paper, roughlyn COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficultiesnounsa rough day/week etcHe’s had a rough week at work.a rough timeMy children had a rough time because they were different from the rest.a rough patch (=a difficult time that does not last long)He was good at encouraging his team when it hit a rough patch.a rough ride (=a time when you are criticized, opposed etc)She was given a rough ride by the press.Though the president pushed the bill through the House of Representatives, it faces a rough ride in the Senate. rough going (=a difficult and unpleasant experience)If there is a recession, next year will be very rough going. THESAURUSrough having a surface that is not flat or smooth 〔表面〕粗糙的，不平的rough ground 崎岖的地面a rough mountain path 崎岖的山路The walls were all rough. 墙面都毛糙不平。Her hands were rough and work-hardened. 她的双手粗糙，且因干活而变得硬邦邦的。uneven an uneven surface has areas that are not flat or not all at the same level 〔表面〕不平坦的The floor was uneven. 地板不平。She climbed the uneven steps with great care. 她小心翼翼爬上凹凸不平的台阶。bumpy a bumpy road, path, or area of land has a lot of holes and raised parts in it 〔路面或地面〕高低不平的the bumpy track down to the farm 通向农场的崎岖小道The field was too bumpy to play football on. 这块场地不平，无法踢足球。a bumpy journey (=on a road that has a very rough surface) 颠簸的旅程coarse having a rough surface that feels slightly hard – used especially about materials such as cloth or wool 〔尤指布、羊毛等材料〕粗糙的coarse woollen blankets 粗毛毯coarse grass 粗草nThe wool felt rather coarse.rugged /ˈrʌɡəd/ land that is rugged is very rough and uneven and is often in a high place 〔地面〕不平的，崎岖的〔常指高地〕the rugged terrain near the mountains 山区附近的崎岖地形COLLOCATIONS CHECKrough ground/sea/stone/skinuneven surface/floor/pavementbumpy road/field/journeycoarse cloth/wool/paper/grassrugged terrain/mountain/landscape/coastline

Examples from the Corpus

rough• His hands were big and rough.• The stone scraped her legs, was rough against her hands.• It was a rough crossing and most of the passengers were seasick.• I've had a rough day.• It's just a rough draft, but I'd like you to read it and tell me what you think.• He fell, cutting his forehead on the rough edge of a rock.• Armagnac, rather like SuperBrat, is appealing because of its rough edges, its unpredictability.• I've got a rough estimate here of what it might cost.• I'd say that the whole thing would cost you around $1000, but that's just a rough estimate.• A rough gravel trail was the only way into town.• Prices shown are only a rough guideline.• It is rough, he says, very bad.• Hessian cloth provides a rough homespun texture that was popular in the 1950s.• A rough hut, breadfruit, bananas, no one to talk to.• Give us a rough idea of what you're trying to do.• She had a rough idea of where Harry lived, but she didn't know the exact street.• rough mountain paths• Most of the activities are routed through woodland and as some of the pathways can be rough outdoor footwear is recommended.• He gave us a rough outline of the course.• I have not been able to do more than suggest the rough outline of this approach.• Max grew up in a particularly rough part of Brooklyn.• The commonest are rough spar or aggregate finishes, and imitation brick and stonework; all can be painted if required.• Football's a rough sport.• Photographs show the rough surface of the moon.• We were having a rough time just trying to pay the printer.• Here you meet the Garburn Road, a rough trackway which crosses over the pass.• "What are you doing in here?'' shouted the farmer in a rough voice.• Fran was shaking her urgently, his voice rough with concern.rough draft• One approach to the hypertext-to-text coherence problem is a labor-intensive one and treats the hypertext form as a rough draft.• Tanedo works individually with students, helping them brainstorm and write rough drafts.• She cobbled together a rough draft and then rewrote it, trying to remove the more ostentatious signs of plagiarism.• Let let me do the rough draft and then we can go.• He kept a journal now, one filled with assignments from Speech and Psychology and Math and various rough drafts for me.• Could it really be the first rough draft of a Euro-constitution?• For a while the conditions are so propitious that by spring break I have a rough draft of my book.rough going• We were continually mending punctures ... It was really rough going on those jobs.• My own preference has always been for the rough-coated variety since these can withstand weather and rough going very much better.be rough on somebody• These post-ideological times are rough on an avant-garde that always needed an orthodoxy against which to kick.• It was rough on Leeds but not on Harte, who deserved little better for his theatrical antics.• This is rough on the phone company, which still organizes the phone book by first names.rough seas• A free country in a free world is always at risk from high winds and rough seas.• The equity department weathered not only rough seas but rejection as well.• Dawn revealed that the rough seas had once again snapped the hogging trusses which sagged pitifully on each side of the raft.• Sebastian Cermeno, went down in rough seas in 1595, along with at least seven sailors.• The latter on each occasion was either defeated by rough seas or spotted by enemy aircraft.• It took a bishop called Wilfred, who was driven on to the Sussex coast by rough seas, to make the breakthrough.• Holding on to the balcony as if we were in rough seas, we shout only to have our words whipped away.rough2 noun  1. the rough DSGuneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf 〔高尔夫球场的〕长草区 OPP green →5 see picture at 见图 golf2  take the rough with the smooth PROBLEMto accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones 既能享乐也能吃苦；好坏都能接受 You have to learn to take the rough with the smooth. 你要学会无论身在顺境还是逆境都能泰然处之。3  [countable]PICTUREDETAIL# a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details 草图，略图 SYN sketch a rough of the proposed housing development 拟建住宅区的草图4  in rough British EnglishDETAIL# if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later 粗略地，大致地 It’s best to work in rough first, and then write it out neatly. 最好先打一个草稿，然后再工整地誊写出来。5. a bit of rough British English informalSEX/HAVE SEX WITH someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship 〔社会地位比自己低的〕性伴侣 → diamond in the rough

Examples from the Corpus

rough• friction caused by the roughness of the road surface• Particularly helpful is the ability to produce slick roughs, illustrating an idea or a copy line.• His tee shot ended up in the rough and from there he could only slash the ball 50 yards over the green.• Both are talented campaigners who are expert at mixing the rough and the smooth.• The roughs are weeded out until only the best remain.rough3 verb  1 rough it informalCOMFORTABLE# to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable 〔短时期〕过艰苦的生活 I don’t mind roughing it for a while. 偶尔艰苦一下，我无所谓。2 rough something ↔ out phrasal verb British English DETAIL#to draw or write something without including all the details 勾勒，画…的轮廓；草拟 a diagram the engineer had roughed out on his notepad 工程师在记事本上画的一幅草图3.rough somebody ↔ up phrasal verb informalHIT to attack someone and hurt them by hitting them 殴打，向…动粗→ See Verb table

Examples from the Corpus

rough• The rest of the animals had been roughed off and turned away in a distant paddock.• Where they roughed out the areas they could cover, and possible sources of material.• On the next play, Cal was flagged for roughing the passer.• As soon as they left, the agents went after them and roughed them up.• Get Jim Bullinger past the first inning without getting too roughed up, and the Chicago Cubs pitcher is tough to beat.• By this time, Zigo had roughed up Flinn a bit, and she was afraid of him.• A television reporter was roughed up.rough4 adverb  1  sleep rough British EnglishSLEEP to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in 〔尤因无家可归〕露宿 the number of people sleeping rough on the street 露宿街头的人数2. play rough VIOLENTto play in a fairly violent way 在比赛中动作粗野 → cut up rough at cut up(4)

Examples from the Corpus

rough• "Well, what are you waiting for? Get a move on!'' said the guard roughly.• A man on the subway grabbed her roughly, asking for money.• Write your experiment in rough then read it through carefully before finalizing it.• And even when the tires went flat or the road grew rough, we loved every minute of the journey.From Longman Business Dictionaryroughrough /rʌf/ adjective1a rough figure or amount is not exactIt is possible to give here only very rough figures.I can only give you a rough estimate at this stage.2not finisheda rough draft of the report3a rough period, time etc is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficultiesIt may have a rough time marketing the computers as consumer spending is declining.The group’s general insurance business has had a rough ride (=a very difficult time) in the last couple of years.Origin rough1 Old English ruh

rough1 adjective →10-16
→n COLLOCATIONS1 →THESAURUS1rough2 nounrough3 verbrough4 adverbLDOCE OnlineChinese  

having Business an uneven surface Corpus

rough

I

rough¹ S2 W3 /rʌf/ adjective (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)1.  NOT SMOOTH having an uneven surface
   OPP  smooth:
    Her hands were rough from hard work.
    the rough terrain at the base of the mountains
    We were bumping over the rough ground.
2.  NOT EXACT  [usually before noun] not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form
   SYN  approximate:
    a rough sketch of the house
    a rough translation
    Could you give me a rough idea what time you’ll be home?
    a rough estimate of the cost
    First do a rough draft of your essay.
3.  PROBLEMS/DIFFICULTIES a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties
   SYN  tough:
    The first year was rough, but things have gotten better.
    Sounds like you had a rough day.
    We’ve been through some rough times together.
    My boyfriend and I were going through a rough patch.
    The bill is in for a rough ride in the Senate.
    It’s been rough going, but we’ve almost finished now.
4.  NOT GENTLE using force, anger, or violence
   OPP  gentle:
    Rugby is a very rough sport.
    Don’t be too rough – she’s only little.
    Paul gave her a rough shake.
    equipment capable of withstanding rough treatment
    The referee won’t allow any rough stuff (=violent behaviour).
    be rough on somebody (=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way)
    Don’t you think you were a little rough on her?
5.  TOWN/AREA ETC a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime:
    a rough part of town
6.  WEATHER/SEA with strong wind or storms
   OPP  calm:
    The ship went down in rough seas.
7.  VOICE/SOUND
  a. not sounding soft or gentle, and often rather unpleasant or angry:
    Barton’s deep, rough voice
  b. having an unpleasant sound, especially because there is something wrong with a machine:
    The clutch sounds rough – better get it checked.
8.  SIMPLE/NOT WELL MADE simple and often not very well made:
    a rough wooden table
9.  NOT COMFORTABLE uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions:
    The journey was long and rough.
10. have rough edges (also be rough around the edges)
  a. to have some parts that are not as good as they should be, but that are not a serious problem:
    The team has a few rough edges, but they’re winning more games.
  b. if a person is rough around the edges, they are not very polite, educated etc
11. rough night a night when you did not sleep well:
    Mickey had a rough night last night.
12. a rough deal something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant:
    He’s had a rough deal with his wife leaving him like that.
13. feel rough British English informal to feel ill
14. look rough British English informal to look untidy, dirty, or unhealthy:
    After travelling for two days we must have looked pretty rough.
15. rough and ready not perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose:
    The tests are only a rough and ready guide to a pupil’s future development.
16. rough justice punishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair:
    Gangs practise a kind of rough justice on their members.
—roughness noun [uncountable]
⇨ rough diamond, rough paper, roughly
     

COLLOCATIONS

(for Meaning 3)

■ nouns
   ▪ a rough day/week etc He’s had a rough week at work.
   ▪ a rough time My children had a rough time because they were different from the rest.
   ▪ a rough patch (=a difficult time that does not last long) He was good at encouraging his team when it hit a rough patch.
   ▪ a rough ride (=a time when you are criticized, opposed etc) She was given a rough ride by the press. | Though the President pushed the bill through the House of Representatives, it faces a rough ride in the Senate.
   ▪ rough going (=a difficult and unpleasant experience) If there is a recession, next year will be very rough going.
     

THESAURUS

   ▪ rough having a surface that is not flat or smooth: rough ground | a rough mountain path | The walls were all rough. | Her hands were rough and work-hardened.
   ▪ uneven an uneven surface has areas that are not flat or not all at the same level: The floor was uneven. | She climbed the uneven steps with great care.
   ▪ bumpy a bumpy road, path, or area of land has a lot of holes and raised parts in it: the bumpy track down to the farm | The field was too bumpy to play football on. | a bumpy journey (=on a road that has a very rough surface)
   ▪ coarse having a rough surface that feels slightly hard – used especially about materials such as cloth or wool: coarse woollen blankets | coarse grass | The wool felt rather coarse.
   ▪ rugged /ˈrʌɡəd, ˈrʌɡɪd/ land that is rugged is very rough and uneven and is often in a high place: the rugged terrain near the mountains
■ COLLOCATIONS CHECK
   ▪ rough ground/sea/stone/skin
   ▪ uneven surface/floor/pavement
   ▪ bumpy road/field/journey
   ▪ coarse cloth/wool/paper/grass
   ▪ rugged terrain/mountain/landscape/coastline

II

rough² noun1. the rough uneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf
   OPP  green
2. take the rough with the smooth to accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones:
    You have to learn to take the rough with the smooth.
3. [countable] a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details
   SYN  sketch:
    a rough of the proposed housing development
4. in rough British English if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later:
    It’s best to work in rough first, and then write it out neatly.
5. a bit of rough British English informal someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship
⇨ diamond in the rough

III

rough³ verbrough it informal to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable:
    I don’t mind roughing it for a while.
     
rough something ↔ out phrasal verb British English
  to draw or write something without including all the details:
    a diagram the engineer had roughed out on his notepad
rough somebody ↔ up phrasal verb
  informal to attack someone and hurt them by hitting them

IV

rough⁴ adverb1. sleep rough British English to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in:
    the number of people sleeping rough on the street
2. play rough to play in a fairly violent way
⇨ cut up rough at cut¹(6)