state
Word family
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++state1 /steɪt/ ●●● S1 W2 noun 1 condition 状况 [countable]CONDITION/STATE OF something the physical or mental condition that someone or something is in 状况，状态，情况，情形state of There are fears for the state of the country’s economy. 人们担心国家的经济状况。in a bad/terrible etc state When we bought the house, it was in a terrible state. 我们买下这栋房子时，它的状况很糟糕。somebody’s mental/physical/emotional state Frankly, I wouldn’t trust his emotional state right now. 坦白地说，我对他目前的情绪状态不太放心。 She was in an extremely confused state of mind. 她思绪纷乱。in no fit state to do something (=should not do something because you are not in a suitable condition) （以现在的状态）不宜做某事 David’s in no fit state to drive. 戴维现在的状态不宜开车。 She can’t go home now. Look at the state of her! 她现在不能回家。看看她这副样子！be in a good/bad state of repair (=be in good condition and not need repairing, or be in bad condition) 保养得好/不好 The boat was in a good state of repair. 这艘船保养得很好。 The country was in a state of war (=officially fighting a war). 这个国家正处于战争状态。 Water exists in three states: liquid, gaseous, and solid. 水有三种形态: 液态、气态和固态。 → state of emergency2 government 政府 [singular, uncountable] (also the State) especially British EnglishPGPUBLIC/GOVERNMENT the government or political organization of a country 政府 The state has allocated special funds for the emergency. 政府已为紧急状况拨出专款。state employees/property/regulations etc limits on salary increases for state workers 对政府职员加薪的限制state-owned/state-funded/state-subsidized etc (=owned, paid for etc by the government) 国有的/政府出资的/政府补贴的等 a state-funded community housing project 政府资助的社区住宅项目matters/affairs of state (=the business of the government) 国家大事 → welfare state3 country 国家 [countable]PGCOUNTRY/NATION a country considered as a political organization 〔被视为政治组织的〕国家 a NATO member state (=a country belonging to NATO) 一个北约成员国democratic/one-party/totalitarian etc state 民主/一党制/极权主义等政府 → police state► see thesaurus at country4 part of a country 国家的一部分 [countable] (also State British English)PGCOUNTRY/NATION one of the areas with limited law-making powers that together make up a country controlled by a central government, such as the US and Australia 州；邦 → province, county, region Queensland is one of the states of Australia. 昆士兰是澳大利亚的一个州。 the state of Iowa 艾奥瓦州state employees/property/regulations etc the state government 州政府 state and federal taxes 州政府和联邦政府征收的税5 the States spokenPG a word meaning the US, used especially by someone when they are outside the US 美国〔尤在美国境外时使用〕 Which part of the States would you suggest I visit? 你会建议我去美国的哪个地方？6 be in a state/get into a state British English spokenWORRIEDNERVOUS to be or become very nervous, anxious, or excited 处于/陷入紧张[焦虑，兴奋]之中7 official ceremony 官方仪式 [uncountable]PGPUBLIC/GOVERNMENT the official ceremonies and events connected with government or rulers 国事礼仪，隆重仪式8 state of affairs formalSITUATION a situation 情况，局势，事态9 the state of play especially British English10. lie in state if the body of an important person who has just died lies in state, it is put in a public place so that people can go and show their respect 〔要人的遗体〕受公众瞻仰n COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: the physical or mental condition that someone or something is inadjectivesa bad state (also a poor/sorry state)The report commented on the poor state of the roads.a terrible stateHis apartment was in a terrible state.a healthy state (=a good state)Student numbers at the college are in a healthy state.somebody’s mental/emotional stateWhenever Ben stops his medication, his mental state deteriorates.somebody’s physical stateOur emotions can have an effect on our physical state.something’s natural stateThere's a plan to return large areas of farmland to their natural state.something’s present/current stateWe can deduce how the planet evolved from its beginnings to its present state.a constant/permanent/perpetual state of somethingThey lived in a constant state of fear.an advanced state of somethingThe dead bird was in an advanced state of decay.phrasessomebody’s state of mindWhat was his state of mind at the time of the attack?somebody’s state of healthThe doctor said my general state of health was good.something’s state of repair/preservationSchool buildings should be kept in a good state of repair.a state of shock/confusion/panic etcHoward, still in a state of shock, stared at Newman.a state of collapse (=the state of being very ill or weak)The economy was in a state of collapse.a state of warSyria was still in a state of war with Israel.the present/current state of knowledgeThat is the best advice we can offer, given our current state of knowledge about the disease.n COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: a country considered as a political organizationADJECTIVES/NOUN + statean independent state (also a sovereign state formal)Croatia became an independent state in 1991.a democratic stateThey wanted to transform the country into a modern democratic state.a totalitarian state (=where there is no democracy)Politicians get away with this sort of behaviour only in totalitarian states.a one-party stateUntil recently, the country was a one-party state.a communist/socialist stateThe former communist states began opening up their markets to foreign investment.a fascist stateFreedom of speech is not tolerated in a fascist state. a police state (=where the government strictly controls what people can say or do)Too many laws bring us frighteningly close to the creation of a police state.a member state (=a country that belongs to an organization of countries)The statement said that NATO would counter any attack against a member state.Examples from the Corpus
state• Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.• In 1830, Greece became an independent state.• When the gas cools, it condenses back to its liquid state.• the member states of the European Union• For more than 70 years, the former Soviet Union was a one-party state.• It also emphasises the need for continuing professional development of science teachers and the poor state of labs and equipment.• Most of the country's existing schools are in a sorry state of disrepair.• To many who have followed Fokker over the years, its most recent cash-strapped state was nothing new.• When I got back home, I was horrified to see what a terrible state the kitchen was in.• Every activity of the individual citizen is subject to scrutiny by the state, in the name of the public interest.• One of the things people complain of most is the state of the sidewalks.• It is the duty of the state to pass laws for the common good.• The possibility of equity financing depends on the state of the equity market.• Many local officials are still unaware that the state has granted them the powers to set boating laws for their local waters.• The state of Israel was created in 1948.• The Sassanians expanded eastwards to incorporate into their state the northern part of the disintegrating Kushan empire.• After 1951 Winston Churchill and his Conservative successors protected the welfare state, maintained full employment, and conciliated the trade unions.state of• We were in a state of shock when they told us how much it would cost.state employees/property/regulations etc• The protest was held in opposition to government plans to dismiss 25,000 state employees in order to reduce fiscal spending by 42 percent.• Instead, a central fund for state property will be set up to sell large and medium-sized companies.• On Tuesday, Kansas became the first state to furlough state employees, paid through federal grants, who process unemployment claims.• And new state regulations restrict some of the most odious insurance practices.• Jody is not interested in hearing about loyalty or state regulations.• Kirichenko warned that continued default by the republics would result in salaries to state employees and social security being curtailed.• Most of the early strikers were state employees.democratic/one-party/totalitarian etc state• The 1949 Constitution established Costa Rica as a democratic state with an executive President directly elected for a four-year term.• Nkrumah announced another referendum to enable him to dismiss the judges and also to establish a one-party state.• The Republic, which retains membership of the Commonwealth, is a one-party state with an executive President.• The subsequent establishment of a one-party state would have achieved the same result.• It recently opposed government moves towards the legal formation of a one-party state.• Not the least power of a totalitarian state is the power to bore the people out of their right minds.• These features make elite theory central in arguments about the liberal democratic state.• The one-party state must give way.state employees/property/regulations etc• The protest was held in opposition to government plans to dismiss 25,000 state employees in order to reduce fiscal spending by 42 percent.• Instead, a central fund for state property will be set up to sell large and medium-sized companies.• On Tuesday, Kansas became the first state to furlough state employees, paid through federal grants, who process unemployment claims.• And new state regulations restrict some of the most odious insurance practices.• Jody is not interested in hearing about loyalty or state regulations.• Kirichenko warned that continued default by the republics would result in salaries to state employees and social security being curtailed.• Most of the early strikers were state employees.state visit• Of course, the staff at the Poly could only be flattered to take part in a state visit.• Sadat had ordered photographs of the Shah, left over from an earlier state visit, to be mounted along the route.• This week was her first state visit here in 17 years.• The Queen will visit Texas as part of her official state visit.• That's the official state visit.• She explained that she wore furs and her jewelry only when she traveled abroad with her husband on state visits.state2 ●●○ S3 W2 verb [transitive] 1 SAY/STATEto formally say or write a piece of information or your opinion 陈述，说明，阐明2 SAY/STATEif a document, newspaper, ticket etc states information, it contains the information written clearly 〔文件、报纸、票子等〕写明→ See Verb tableExamples from the Corpus
state• The permit, which is free, also has an information sheet which states 11 separate conditions concerning the use of skips.• It is given only as an example which is easy to state.• Justice Cohen stated clearly that no further action would be taken.• This effect need not be stated in terms.• The essay begins by stating its main point: that the title focuses attention on a multifunctional symbol within the story.• The government needs to clearly state its policy on possible military action.• The parallels are stated, not reasoned.• The receipt clearly states that refunds are not allowed.• The law states that you are innocent until proved guilty.• Please state your full name for the record.state (that)• Part of that has to do with the change in secretaries of state.• Constitutionally, the prime minister may assume the functions of the head of state for two weeks.• At what point does a state have a motive for keeping the smoking rolls up?• You should see the state of the bedroom.• There was a clear link with past practices of fitting the ideology to the needs of the state rather than its constituent members.• The changes in the state sector before the 1980s have occurred in a relatively piecemeal fashion.• It states that a substance causing certain symptoms in a healthy person can cure a sick person with the same symptoms.• The president has stated that the new law requires several improvements.• The state with which we are most concerned is the quiet alert state.From Longman Business Dictionarystatestate /steɪt/ noun1[countable usually singular] the condition that someone or something is in at a particular timeThe property market is in a poor state.I think the economy is in a worse state than the Government has been admitting.2[countable] (also State)LAW one of the areas with limited law-making powers that some countries, such as the US, are divided intoNew York State has attracted more foreign companies than any other state.The bank now sells life insurance policies in 380 branches across four states.3[countable, uncountable] (also State) a country or its governmentstate industriesThe government plans to sell off several state companies.the state monopoly of radio and television broadcasting4the States [plural] the United States of AmericaSales of U.S. cars have not boomed (=increased) in the States as carmakers had hoped.Origin state1 (1100-1200) Old French estat, from Latin status, from the past participle of stare “to stand”state1 noun →n COLLOCATIONS1 →n COLLOCATIONS2state2 verbLDOCE OnlineChinese
mental or Business condition or physical that the Corpus someone
state
state1 S1 W2 /steɪt/ 
noun
state of
There are fears for the state of the country’s economy.
in a bad/terrible etc state
When we bought the house, it was in a terrible state.
sb’s mental/physical/emotional state
Frankly, I wouldn’t trust his emotional state right now.
She was in an extremely confused state of mind.
in no fit state to do something (=should not do something because you are not in a suitable condition)
David’s in no fit state to drive.
She can’t go home now. Look at the state of her__
be in a good/bad state of repair (=be in good condition and not need repairing, or be in bad condition)
The boat was in a good state of repair.
The country was in a state of war (=officially fighting a war).
Water exists in three states: liquid, gaseous, and solid. ⇨ state of emergency
2. GOVERNMENT [singular, uncountable] (also the State) especially British English the government or political organization of a country:
The state has allocated special funds for the emergency.
state employees/property/regulations etc especially British English:
limits on salary increases for state workers
state-owned/state-funded/state-subsidized etc (=owned, paid for etc by the government)
a state-funded community housing project
matters/affairs of state (=the business of the government) ⇨ welfare state
3. COUNTRY [countable] a country considered as a political organization:
a NATO member state (=a country belonging to NATO)
democratic/one-party/totalitarian etc state ⇨ police state
4. PART OF A COUNTRY [countable] (also State British English) one of the areas with limited law-making powers that together make up a country controlled by a central government, such as the US and Australia ⇨ province, county, region:
Queensland is one of the states of Australia.
the state of Iowa
state employees/property/regulations etc
the state government
state and federal taxes
5. the States spoken a word meaning the US, used especially by someone when they are outside the US:
Which part of the States would you suggest I visit?
6. be in a state/get into a state British English spoken to be or become very nervous, anxious, or excited:
Mum and Dad were in a right state when I got in.
7. OFFICIAL CEREMONY [uncountable] the official ceremonies and events connected with government or rulers:
the Queen’s first state visit here in 17 years
music for state occasions (=special public events)
8. state of affairs formal a situation
unsatisfactory/sad/sorry state etc of affairs
I must say this is a very unsatisfactory state of affairs.
9. the state of play especially British English
a. the position reached in an activity or process that has not finished yet:
What is the state of play in the current negotiations?
b. the score in a sports game
10. lie in state if the body of an important person who has just died lies in state, it is put in a public place so that people can go and show their respect
■ adjectives
▪a bad state (also a poor/sorry state ) The report commented on the poor state of the roads.
▪a terrible state His apartment was in a terrible state.
▪a healthy state (=a good state) Student numbers at the college are in a healthy state.
▪sb’s mental/emotional state Whenever Ben stops his medication, his mental state deteriorates.
▪sb’s physical state Our emotions can have an effect on our physical state.
▪sth’s natural state There's a plan to return large areas of farmland to their natural state.
▪sth’s present/current state We can deduce how the planet evolved from its beginnings to its present state.
▪a constant/permanent/perpetual state of something They lived in a constant state of fear.
▪an advanced state of something The dead bird was in an advanced state of decay.
■ phrases
▪sb’s state of mind What was his state of mind at the time of the attack?
▪sb’s state of health The doctor said my general state of health was good.
▪sth’s state of repair/preservation School buildings should be kept in a good state of repair.
▪a state of shock/confusion/panic etc Howard, still in a state of shock, stared at Newman.
▪a state of collapse (=the state of being very ill or weak) The economy was in a state of collapse.
▪a state of war Syria was still in a state of war with Israel.
▪the present/current state of knowledge That is the best advice we can offer, given our current state of knowledge about the disease.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + state
▪an independent state (also a sovereign state formal) Croatia became an independent state in 1991.
▪a democratic state They wanted to transform the country into a modern democratic state.
▪a totalitarian state (=where there is no democracy) Politicians get away with this sort of behaviour only in totalitarian states.
▪a one-party state Until recently, the country was a one-party state.
▪a communist/socialist state The former communist states began opening up their markets to foreign investment.
▪a fascist state Freedom of speech is not tolerated in a fascist state.
▪a police state (=where the government strictly controls what people can say or do) Too many laws bring us frighteningly close to the creation of a police state.
▪a member state (=a country that belongs to an organization of countries) The statement said that NATO would counter any attack against a member state.
state2 S3 W2 verb [transitive]
Please state your name and address.
Rembert again stated his intention to resign from Parliament.
The government needs to clearly state its policy on UN intervention.
state (that)
The witness stated that he had not seen the woman before.
Fine, but aren’t you just stating the obvious here?
2. if a document, newspaper, ticket etc states information, it contains the information written clearly:
The price of the tickets is stated on the back.
■ to say something
▪say to tell someone something, using words: ‘I really ought to go,’ she said. | Lauren said she’d probably be late.
▪state to say something, especially in a definite or formal way – used in official contexts: The witness stated that he had never seen the woman before. | Please state your name and address.
▪announce to publicly tell people about something: The chairman announced his resignation. | The results will be announced tomorrow. | We will announce the winners next Sunday. | They were announcing the train times over the loudspeaker system.
▪declare to say something very firmly: ‘My personal life is none of your business,’ she declared.
▪mention to talk about someone or something, especially without giving many details: Did Tom mention anything about what happened at school? | Your name was mentioned!
▪express to let someone know your feelings by putting them into words: Young children often find it difficult to express their emotions.
▪comment to say what your opinion is about someone or something: The prime minister was asked to comment on the crisis.
▪note/remark formal to say that you have noticed that something is true – used especially in formal writing: We have already noted that most old people live alone. | Someone once remarked that the problem with computers is that they only give you answers.
▪add to say something more, after what has already been said: He added that he thought it could be done fairly cheaply.
▪point out to mention something that seems particularly important or relevant: Dr Graham points out that most children show some signs of abnormal behaviour. | It’s worth pointing out that few people actually die of this disease.
▪air to talk about your opinions, worries, or the things you disagree about: air your views/grievances/differences : The programme will give listeners the chance to air their views about immigration. | Workers were able to air their grievances.
▪voice to talk publicly about your feelings or about whether you approve or disapprove of something formal: voice concern/support/doubt/fears etc : The president has already voiced his support for the proposal. | She voiced concern for the safety of the hostages.
| I |
noun Date: 1100-1200
Language: Old French
Origin: estat, from Latin status, from the past participle of stare 'to stand'
1. CONDITION [countable] the physical or mental condition that someone or something is inLanguage: Old French
Origin: estat, from Latin status, from the past participle of stare 'to stand'
state of
in a bad/terrible etc state
sb’s mental/physical/emotional state
in no fit state to do something (=should not do something because you are not in a suitable condition)
be in a good/bad state of repair (=be in good condition and not need repairing, or be in bad condition)
2. GOVERNMENT [singular, uncountable] (also the State) especially British English the government or political organization of a country:
state employees/property/regulations etc especially British English:
state-owned/state-funded/state-subsidized etc (=owned, paid for etc by the government)
matters/affairs of state (=the business of the government) ⇨ welfare state
3. COUNTRY [countable] a country considered as a political organization:
democratic/one-party/totalitarian etc state ⇨ police state
4. PART OF A COUNTRY [countable] (also State British English) one of the areas with limited law-making powers that together make up a country controlled by a central government, such as the US and Australia ⇨ province, county, region:
state employees/property/regulations etc
5. the States spoken a word meaning the US, used especially by someone when they are outside the US:
6. be in a state/get into a state British English spoken to be or become very nervous, anxious, or excited:
7. OFFICIAL CEREMONY [uncountable] the official ceremonies and events connected with government or rulers:
8. state of affairs formal a situation
unsatisfactory/sad/sorry state etc of affairs
9. the state of play especially British English
a. the position reached in an activity or process that has not finished yet:
b. the score in a sports game
10. lie in state if the body of an important person who has just died lies in state, it is put in a public place so that people can go and show their respect
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verb [transitive] Word Family: verb: state, understate ≠ overstate; noun: statement, understatement ≠ overstatement; adjective: understated ≠ OVERSTATED
1. to formally say or write a piece of information or your opinion: state (that)
2. if a document, newspaper, ticket etc states information, it contains the information written clearly:
| THESAURUS |
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surprise to give sb the feeling that you get when sth happens that you do not expect or do not understand, or sth that you do expect does not happen; to make sb feel surprised 指使惊奇、使诧异、使感到意外 ：◆ The outcome didn't surprise me at all. 这一结果完全在我的意料之中。 startle to surprise sb suddenly in a way that slightly shocks or frightens them 指惊吓、使吓一跳、使大吃一惊 ：◆ Sorry, I didn't mean to startle you. 对不起，我不是存心要吓唬你。 ◆ The explosion startled the horse. 爆炸声使马受了惊。 amaze to surprise sb very much 指使惊奇、使惊愕、使惊诧 ：◆ Just the huge size of the place amazed her. 仅仅地方之大就使她十分惊奇。 stun ( (often in newspapers) to surprise or shock sb so much that they cannot think clearly or speakrather
（常用于报章）指使震惊、使惊愕、使目瞪口呆 astonish to surprise sb very much 指使十分惊讶、使大为惊奇 ：◆ The news astonished everyone. 这消息使大家十分惊讶。
amaze or astonish? 用 amaze 还是 astonish？
take sb aback [ （尤指不好的事）使大吃一惊、使震惊 ：◆ We were rather taken aback by her hostile reaction. 她敌视的反应使我们大吃一惊。 astound to surprise or shock sb very much 指使震惊、使大惊 ：◆ His arrogance astounded her. 他的傲慢使她震惊。
Patterns
It surprises sb/startles sb/amazes sb/stuns sb/astonishes sb/takes sb aback/astounds sbto surprise/startle/amaze/stun/astonish/astound sb that… to surprise/amaze sb what/how… to surprise/startle/amaze/stun/astonish/astound sb to know/find/learn/see/hear… to be surprised/startled/stunned into (doing) sth
surprise to give sb the feeling that you get when sth happens that you do not expect or do not understand, or sth that you do expect does not happen; to make sb feel surprised 指使惊奇、使诧异、使感到意外 ：◆ The outcome didn't surprise me at all. 这一结果完全在我的意料之中。 startle to surprise sb suddenly in a way that slightly shocks or frightens them 指惊吓、使吓一跳、使大吃一惊 ：◆ Sorry, I didn't mean to startle you. 对不起，我不是存心要吓唬你。 ◆ The explosion startled the horse. 爆炸声使马受了惊。 amaze to surprise sb very much 指使惊奇、使惊愕、使惊诧 ：◆ Just the huge size of the place amazed her. 仅仅地方之大就使她十分惊奇。 stun ( (often in newspapers) to surprise or shock sb so much that they cannot think clearly or speakrather
（常用于报章）指使震惊、使惊愕、使目瞪口呆 astonish to surprise sb very much 指使十分惊讶、使大为惊奇 ：◆ The news astonished everyone. 这消息使大家十分惊讶。
amaze or astonish? 用 amaze 还是 astonish？
take sb aback [ （尤指不好的事）使大吃一惊、使震惊 ：◆ We were rather taken aback by her hostile reaction. 她敌视的反应使我们大吃一惊。 astound to surprise or shock sb very much 指使震惊、使大惊 ：◆ His arrogance astounded her. 他的傲慢使她震惊。
Patterns
It surprises sb/startles sb/amazes sb/stuns sb/astonishes sb/takes sb aback/astounds sbto surprise/startle/amaze/stun/astonish/astound sb that… to surprise/amaze sb what/how… to surprise/startle/amaze/stun/astonish/astound sb to know/find/learn/see/hear… to be surprised/startled/stunned into (doing) sth
Country is the most usual, neutral word for a geographical area that has or used to have its own government.* country 是指国家的最普通的中性词。 State emphasizes the political organization of an area under an independent government. Especially inBrE * state 侧重指独立政府统治下的政权机构，尤其在英式英语中，该词亦可指政府 ：◆ the member states of the EU 欧盟成员国 ◆ The state provides free education. 政府提供免费教育。 In NAmE the state usually refers to one of the 50 states of the US, not to the government of the country as a whole.在美式英语中，the state 通常指美国 50 个州中的一个州，而非指作为一个整体的国家政府。
especially
situation all the things that are happening at a particular time and in a particular place 指情况、状况、形势、局面 ：◆ the present economic situation 目前的经济形势 circumstances the facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action; the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have 指条件、环境、状况、境况，（尤指）经济状况 ：◆ The ship sank in mysterious circumstances. 那艘船神秘地沉没了。 position the situation that sb is in, especially when it affects what they can and cannot do 指处境、地位、状况 ：◆ She felt she was in a position of power. 她觉得她自己有权力。 conditions the circumstances in which people live, work or do things; the physical situation that affects how sth happens 指居住、工作或做事情的环境、境况、条件，影响某事发生的物质环境、状态、条件 ：◆ We were forced to work outside in freezing conditions. 我们被迫在户外天寒地冻的环境下工作。
circumstances or conditions? 用 circumstances 还是 conditions？
things ( the general situation, as it affects sbrather
指形势、局面、情况、事态 ：◆ Hi, Jane! How are things? 喂，简，近来怎么样？ ◆ Think things over before you decide. 先把情况考虑周全再作决定。 the case the true situation 指实情、事实 ：◆ If that is the case (= , we need more staff.if the situation described is true )如果真是那样，我们就需要更多的员工了。 state of affairs a situation 指事态、情况、形势 ：◆ How did this unhappy state of affairs come about? 这种不幸的情况是怎么发生的呢？
situation or state of affairs? 用 situation 还是 state of affairs？
State of affairs is mostly used withthis . It is also used with adjectives describing how good or bad a situation is, such ashappy ,sorry ,shocking ,sad andunhappy , as well as those relating to time, such aspresent andcurrent .Situation is much more frequent and is used in a wider variety of contexts.* state of affairs 多与 this 连用，亦与表示形势好坏的形容词（如 happy、sorry、shocking、sad 和 unhappy）以及与时间有关的形容词（如 present 和 current）连用。situation 常用得多，且用于更广泛的语境中。
Patterns
in (a) particular situation/circumstances/position/state of affairsthe/sb's economic/financial/social situation/circumstances/position/conditions(a/an) happy/unhappy situation/circumstances/position/state of affairsto look at/review the situation/circumstances/conditions/things
especially
declare ( to say sth officially or publicly; to state sth firmly and clearlyrather
指公布、宣布、表明、宣称 ：◆ to declare war 宣战 ◆ The painting was declared to be a forgery. 这幅画被判定为赝品。 state ( to formally write or say sth, especially in a careful and clear wayrather
指陈述、说明、声明 ：◆ He has already stated his intention to run for election. 他已声明打算参加竞选。 indicate ( to state sth, sometimes in a way that is slightly indirectrather
指表明、暗示 ：◆ During our meeting, he indicated his willingness to cooperate. 在我们会晤期间，他提及了合作的意愿。 announce to tell people officially about a decision or plans; to give information about sth in a public place, especially through a loudspeaker; to say sth in a loud and/or serious way 指宣布、宣告、（通过广播）通知 ：◆ They haven't formally announced their engagement yet. 他们还没有正式宣布订婚。 ◆ Has our flight been announced yet? 广播通知了我们的航班没有？
declare or announce? 用 declare 还是 announce？
Declare is used more often for giving judgements;announce is used more often for giving facts.* declare 较常用于表明意见、看法；announce 较常用于说明事实 ：◆ The painting was announced to be a forgery. ◆ They haven't formally declared their engagement yet.
Patterns
to declare/state/indicate/announce that… to declare/state sb/sth to be sthto declare/state/indicate/announce your intention to do sthto declare/state/announce sth formally/publicly/officially to declare/state/announce sth firmly/confidently