study
Word family
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++stud·y1 /ˈstʌdi/ ●●● S1 W1 noun (plural studies) 1 research 研究 [countable]STUDY a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written report 〔对某一课题或问题的〕研究 Recent studies show that women still get paid a lot less than men. 最近的调查表明，女性的薪水仍比男性的要低很多。study of/into/on a study of Australian wild birds 对澳大利亚野生鸟类的研究 The study was carried out between January and May 2008. 这项研究是在 2008 年1月到5月间进行的。 → case study2 learning 学习 [uncountable]LEARNSTUDY when you spend time learning, especially at home or by yourself rather than during school 〔尤指在家里或放学后的〕学习 Set aside a period of time specifically for study. 留出一段时间专门用于学习。 ways to improve study skills (=skills that help you study efficiently and be successful in school) 提高学习技巧的种种方法3 subject 学科 [uncountable] (also studies [plural])a subject that people study at a college or university 〔大学里的〕学科；学业study of Linguistics is the study of language. 语言学是研究语言的一门学科。 Environmental Studies 环境学literary/historical/scientific etc study the scientific study of earthquakes 对地震的科学研究4 somebody’s studies the work that someone does in order to learn about a particular subject, especially the courses they take at a college or university 〔尤指在大学期间〕某人的功课[课业，学业] How are your studies coming along? 你的功课怎么样？begin/continue/stop etc your studies I gave up my studies when I had the baby. 我生了孩子就放弃了学业。5 careful consideration 仔细的考虑 [uncountable] when you examine or consider something very carefully and in detail 仔细的考虑；仔细的检查；审视 a report that deserves careful study 值得仔细研究的报告6. room 房间 [countable]DHH a room in a house that is used for work or study 书房，书斋 → office7 art 艺术 [countable]AVPICTURE a small detailed drawing, especially one that is done to prepare for a large painting 〔绘画的〕试画；习作 Renoir’s studies of small plants and flowers 雷诺阿的花草习作8. music 音乐 [countable]APM a piece of music, usually for piano, that is often intended for practice 〔通常指钢琴的〕练习曲9. make a study of something to try to find out more about a subject 研究某事物10 be a study in something literaryEXAMPLE to be a perfect example of something 是…的最佳例子，是某事物的典型 His face was a study in fear. 他脸上完全是一副害怕的表情。11. a quick study American English someone who learns things quickly 学东西快的人 COLLOCATIONSverbsdo a study/carry out a study (also conduct a study formal) 进行/开展研究The scientists are carrying out a study into the effects of global warming. 科学家正在研究全球变暖所带来的影响。a study finds something 研究发现某事The study found that men were more likely to take risks. 研究发现男性更有可能冒险。a study shows something 研究显示某事Studies have shown that the drug works. 研究显示这种药物有效。a study suggests/indicates something 研究表明/显示某事A British study suggests that older drivers are safer drivers. 英国一项研究表明年纪大的人开车更谨慎。a study reveals something (=shows something, especially something surprising) 研究揭示某事〔尤指令人惊讶的事〕nA recent study revealed that 74% of donuts are bought on impulse.a study confirms something (=shows that something is true) 研究证实某事nThe study confirms what we all know – smoking is also bad for the people around you. a study aims to do something 研究旨在做某事nThe study aimed to identify the housing needs of local people. publish a study 发表某项研究nThe study was published in the British Medical Journal.fund a study (=pay for it) 资助某项研究nThe study was funded by a major US drugs company. commission a study (=ask someone to carry out a study) 委托进行研究nThe government has commissioned a study into the health of residents living near the power station.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + studya research study 研究Research studies have found that young people are drinking no more than they were 20 years ago. 研究发现现在年轻人的饮酒量没有比20年前多。a detailed study (also an in-depth study) 详尽的研究They carried out a detailed study into the effects of the disease on mice. 他们详尽研究了这种疾病对于鼠类的影响。a two-year/three-month etc study 历时两年/三个月等的研究They are engaged in a five-year study into the effects of calcium on bone health. 他们正在进行一项为期五年的研究,研究钙对骨骼健康的影响。a huge/massive study 大量/大规模的研究The journal published the results of a massive study of 87,000 women. 该期刊发表了一项基于87,000名女性的大规模研究的结果。a previous/earlier study 早先的研究nThe report is a summary of the work done in earlier studies.a pilot study (=one done to find out if something will be successful) 试点研究nThe government has just completed a pilot study, with some encouraging results.a feasibility study (=one done to find out if something is possible or practical) 可行性研究nThey commissioned a feasibility study into re-opening the whole railway line.phrasesthe aims of a study 研究的目标The aims of this study are to examine the reliability of current techniques. 本研究旨在检查现行技术的可靠性。the results/findings of a study 研究的结果/发现The results of this study suggest that the drug is effective in over 80% of cases. 本研究表明这种药物对超过80%的病例有效。nHis research confirmed the findings of earlier studies.Examples from the Corpus
study• Studies of dolphins have shown that they are able to communicate information to each other.• We're doing a study into how much time people spend watching television each day.• The Peace Corps Volunteers were a study in contrast.• Our comparative study of political culture includes five democracies.• Woodward's busy work schedule left little time for study on her MBA degree.• Most of the relevant experimental evidence on this issue comes not from studies of latent inhibition but from investigations of conditioning itself.• Later studies have concentrated on comparisons with attitudes to oil development in Dorset and on reactions to Chernobyl.• Berne has published a review of studies on sex education programs in public schools.• The exhibition includes a series of studies by Picasso for his painting Guernica.• A series of studies was made to discover the relationship between diet and behavior.• Recent studies have shown that women find it harder than men to give up smoking.• A Scandinavian study uses a randomisation scheme which will probably prevent the group from obtaining a scientifically valuable result.• Four such cases have been reported in the United Kingdom during the past decade, the study says.• If the study yields promising projections, construction will begin in April.• Paleontology is the study of ancient life.• Treatment with sedative antihistamines was continued throughout the study if they were in use on entry.• The study also showed a disturbing trend in another area: hours worked.study of/into/on• But how does this allow a study of style that is objective and exact?• There have been studies of the artwork people put up.• The Agriculture Minister, John Gummer, said that the government would carry out a pilot study into pollution control methods.• Grammars and parsers were invented for the study of human languages.• Geochronology: the study of time in relation to the history of the Earth.• Subject matter relevant to the study of banking: commodity money, coin currency etc.• The study of Scripture, he suggested, did nothing to hinder an inquisitive man's delight in the study of nature.• Not uncommonly, studies of this kind which relate to relatively uncharted areas raise more issues than they solve.study skills• In addition to counselling on particular personal problems, advice is available on aspects such as accommodation, study skills and careers.• Organising yourself Of all study skills, perhaps the most elusive is the ability to organise and manage time effectively.• Tuition in study skills and information retrieval methods especially electronic.• These were intended to cover areas such as language use and the acquisition of study skills.• For others it meant something comparable to an across-the-curriculum approach to the teaching of study skills.• For some members of staff, study skills was what the ESSE/L Project was really all about.• Others also emphasised the study skills dimension of the library plan, but meant something much narrower by it.• Much use will be made of the School Library where study skills will be learnt.literary/historical/scientific etc study• There is no doubt that Angelica Kauffman's work offers a large and varied body of materials for feminist cultural and historical study.• Government ministries set aside $ 7 million for further scientific studies.• From this point of view, the resulting surveys are sometimes like historical studies.• New scientific studies indicating that the danger of dioxin was in fact worse than previously realized were hardly reported.• Literariness, and not this or that work by this or that author, is the object of literary studies.• The project will adopt a case-study methodology and will focus on scientific studies of the Precambrian.• Third, all purely historical study by its very nature can offer only provisional results.• It was pretty carefully set up: First, a report of a seemingly scientific study.study2 ●●● S1 W1 verb (studied, studying, studies) 1 [intransitive, transitive]SESTUDY to learn about a subject at school, university etc 学习，攻读 I’ve been studying English for six years. 我学英语已有六年了。 I can’t study with that music playing all the time. 那音乐老这么放着，我无法学习。study law/business/history etc (=study a subject at a school or university) 攻读法律/商业/历史等 Anna is studying French literature. 安娜在攻读法国文学。study at a university/school etc Stephen is currently studying at Exeter University. 斯蒂芬目前在埃克塞特大学学习。study to be a doctor/lawyer etc My brother’s studying to be an accountant. 我弟弟在读会计。study for an exam/diploma etc I’ve only got three weeks left to study for my exams. 我只剩三个星期复习迎考了。study under somebody (=be trained by a famous teacher) 师从某人，跟某名师学习 a psychologist who studied under Jung in Zurich 曾在苏黎世师从荣格的一位心理学家► see thesaurus at learn2 [transitive]STUDY to try to find out more about a subject or problem, using scientific methods 〔用科学方法〕研究3 [transitive]LOOK AT to look at something carefully 端详；仔细察看 SYN look at THESAURUSstudy verb [intransitive, transitive] to learn about a subject at school, university etc 学习,攻读If you study hard, you’ll get a good job. 努力学习就能找个好工作。He studied law at Harvard University. 他在哈佛大学攻读法律。take verb [transitive] to study a subject that you have chosen at school, college etc 学习,修读〔科目〕What classes are you taking next semester? 下学期你要修哪些课？In my final year, I decided to take English and economics. 最后一年我决定选修英语和经济学。do verb [transitive] British English informal to study a particular subject at school or university 学习〔科目〕I can’t decide whether to do German or Spanish next year. 我拿不定主意明年学德语还是西班牙语。Did you do computing at school? 你在学校里学过电脑吗？major in something phrasal verb American English to study something as your main subject at a college or university 主修某科目Diane majored in psychology at the University of Washington. 黛安娜在华盛顿大学主修心理学。revise verb [intransitive] British English to study to prepare for an examination 复习备考It’s best to start revising early. 最好早点开始复习。He’s revising for his final exams. 他在复习迎接期末考试cram verb [intransitive] informal to study very hard and try to learn a lot of information just before an examination 〔为备考而〕死记硬背Everyone’s cramming for their final exams. 人人都在为期末考试拼命准备。do research to study something in a very detailed way, especially in order to discover new information about it 研究He does research at Oxford University. 他在牛津大学做研究。I’m doing research into second language learning. 我正在研究第二语言习得。It’s difficult to do research on humans. 人体研究很难。→ See Verb tableExamples from the Corpus
study• However, having studied all these reports, it does seem that voluntary organisation involvement is encouraged through national policy guidelines.• As a teen, Dunn was encouraged by her father to study art in college.• If Angel had studied at Cambridge he would never have become a farmer and married a country girl.• I studied cases of tuberculosis in hospital employees between 1984 and 1992.• "Is Ian coming with us?" "He can't - he's studying for his exams."• He studied for the bar exam all year, and he still didn't pass.• Alan hardly studied for the test, but he still passed.• I can't go to the movie tonight - I have a big test to study for.• Schultes has spent a lifetime studying hallucinogenic drugs.• If you study hard, you'll be able to get into a good university.• NASA has used the space shuttle to study how materials perform in a weightless environment.• My parents first met when dad was studying in England.• Language change is one of the subjects of historical linguistics, the subfield of linguistics that studies language in its historical aspects.• This allowed him to study many waves traveling along more or less the same path.• She's studying Music at Berkeley College in Boston.• I'm going to spend the afternoon studying my notes.• His parents sent him to Moscow to study physics, chemistry, and mathematics.• Less than 10% of girls choose to study Science at school.• She spent several years studying the behaviour of gorillas in Africa.• A team of scientists has been studying the effects of acid rain over a twenty-year period.• I won't comment till I've had time to study the proposals.• The bill says nothing about requiring taggants in gunpowder, only studying them.• Dad thinks I should study to be a doctor, but I'm not interested in medicine.• He's studying to be a lawyer.• She's at business school, studying to be an accountant.• Nicoll was himself a noted psychologist and studied under Jung in Zurich.• It's difficult to study when the weather's so hot.study to be a doctor/lawyer etc• They thought he should study to be a doctor.• And best of all, he was studying to be a lawyer, just like her father.study how/what/why etc• Actually I was just starting to go over the new plant feasibility study when you called.• Animal viruses became easier to study when methods of growing them were devised.• Her next logical step would be to begin studying when the summer was over.• Why should they study when they imagine a future secured by a seven-figure contract?• Students may study how famous people learned to cope with and benefit from failure.• Many people have already commented on their fascination and excitement at being able to study how Henry Moore lived and worked.• The cell can therefore be pressurised to study how materials behave under high pressure.• Endocrinology: Researchers have also been studying how thyroxine-deficient mouse model has been produced using transgenic ablation.From Longman Business Dictionarystudystud‧y1 /ˈstʌdi/ noun (plural studies) [countable] a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written reportAccording to a new study, home ownership in Europe ranges from 29% in Switzerland to 82% in Ireland.study of/intoa four-month study of the world’s largest debt market → case study → feasibility study → market study → method study → time and motion studystudystudy2 verb (past tense and past participle studied)1[transitive] to carefully consider a plan, idea, document etcI haven’t had time to study the proposals yet.We are studying a bonus system based on how long brokers stay at the firm.2[transitive] to watch or examine something carefully over a period of time in order to discover more about itJapanese firms are studying the U.S. market very carefully.3[intransitive, transitive] to spend time reading, going to classes etc in order to learn about a subjectShe was studying economics at Fordham University.My brother’s studying to be an accountant.→ See Verb tableOrigin study1 (1100-1200) Old French estudie, from Latin studium “mental effort, eagerness, study”, from studere “to be eager, try to be helpful, study”stud·y1 noun →COLLOCATIONS1study2 verb →THESAURUS1LDOCE OnlineChineseSyllable
is Business of Corpus a that piece work
study
stud‧y1 S2 W3 /ˈstʌdi/ 
noun (plural studies)
Recent studies show that women still get paid a lot less than men.
study of/into/on
a study of Australian wild birds
The study was carried out between January and May 2008. ⇨ case study
2. LEARNING [uncountable] when you spend time learning, especially at home or by yourself rather than during school:
Set aside a period of time specifically for study.
ways to improve study skills (=skills that help you study efficiently and be successful in school)
3. SUBJECT [uncountable] (also studies [plural])
a subject that people study at a college or university
study of
Linguistics is the study of language.
Environmental Studies
literary/historical/scientific etc study
the scientific study of earthquakes
4. sb’s studies the work that someone does in order to learn about a particular subject, especially the courses they take at a college or university:
How are your studies coming along?
begin/continue/stop etc your studies
I gave up my studies when I had the baby.
5. CAREFUL CONSIDERATION [uncountable] when you examine or consider something very carefully and in detail:
a report that deserves careful study
6. ROOM [countable] a room in a house that is used for work or study ⇨ office
7. ART [countable] a small detailed drawing, especially one that is done to prepare for a large painting:
Renoir’s studies of small plants and flowers
8. MUSIC [countable] a piece of music, usually for piano, that is often intended for practice
9. make a study of something to try to find out more about a subject
10. be a study in something literary to be a perfect example of something:
His face was a study in fear.
11. a quick study American English someone who learns things quickly
■ verbs
▪do a study/carry out a study (also conduct a study formal) The scientists are carrying out a study into the effects of global warming.
▪a study finds something The study found that men were more likely to take risks.
▪a study shows something Studies have shown that the drug works.
▪a study suggests/indicates something A British study suggests that older drivers are safer drivers.
▪a study reveals something (=shows something, especially something surprising) A recent study revealed that 74% of donuts are bought on impulse.
▪a study confirms something (=shows that something is true) The study confirms what we all know – smoking is also bad for the people around you.
▪a study aims to do something The study aimed to identify the housing needs of local people.
▪publish a study The study was published in the British Medical Journal.
▪fund a study (=pay for it) The study was funded by a major US drugs company.
▪commission a study (=ask someone to carry out a study) The government has commissioned a study into the health of residents living near the power station.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + study
▪a research study Research studies have found that young people are drinking no more than they were 20 years ago.
▪a detailed study (also an in-depth study ) They carried out a detailed study into the effects of the disease on mice.
▪a two-year/three-month etc study They are engaged in a five-year study into the effects of calcium on bone health.
▪a huge/massive study The journal published the results of a massive study of 87,000 women.
▪a previous/earlier study The report is a summary of the work done in earlier studies.
▪a pilot study (=one done to find out if something will be successful) The government has just completed a pilot study, with some encouraging results.
▪a feasibility study (=one done to find out if something is possible or practical) They commissioned a feasibility study into re-opening the whole railway line.
■ phrases
▪the aims of a study The aims of this study are to examine the reliability of current techniques.
▪the results/findings of a study The results of this study suggest that the drug is effective in over 80% of cases. | His research confirmed the findings of earlier studies.
▪ research noun [uncountable] careful detailed work that is done in order to find out more about a subject, especially as a part of a scientific or academic project: Billions of dollars have been spent on research into the causes and treatment of cancer. | The University has for a long time been a leading centre for research in this field.
▪work noun [uncountable] the studies that have been done on a particular subject: Faraday is famous for his work on electricity. | A lot of work has been done on hydrogen-powered cars. | Their work had an enormous influence on the study of genetics.
▪study noun [countable] a piece of work in which someone examines a particular subject in order to find out more about it, and writes about what they have found: The study showed that 25 percent of adults do not eat breakfast at all, compared with 14 percent in 1961. | Recent studies suggest that our sense of smell is closely linked with the part of the brain that deals with memory.
▪experiment noun [countable] a scientific test in order to find out what happens when you do something: They carried out a series of experiments (=they did a series of experiments) in order to try to prove their theory. | Experiments have shown that there is an increased risk of some forms of cancer.
study2 S2 W2 verb (past tense and past participle studied, present participle studying, third person singular studies)
I’ve been studying English for six years.
I can’t study with that music playing all the time.
study law/business/history etc (=study a subject at a school or university)
Anna is studying French literature.
study at a university/school etc
Stephen is currently studying at Exeter University.
study to be a doctor/lawyer etc
My brother’s studying to be an accountant.
study for an exam/diploma etc
I’ve only got three weeks left to study for my exams.
study under somebody (=be trained by a famous teacher)
a psychologist who studied under Jung in Zurich
2. [transitive] to try to find out more about a subject or problem, using scientific methods:
Goodall was studying the behavior of chimpanzees in the wild.
The scientists were studying the action of a protein called ubiquitin.
study how/what/why etc
They’re studying how stress affects body chemistry.
3. [transitive] to look at something carefully
SYN look at:
She studied his face.
They got out of the car and studied the map.
I haven’t had time to study the proposals yet.
▪ study verb [intransitive and transitive] to learn about a subject at school, university etc: If you study hard, you’ll get a good job. | He studied law at Harvard University.
▪take verb [transitive] to study a subject that you have chosen at school, college etc: What classes are you taking next semester? | In my final year, I decided to take English and economics.
▪do verb [transitive] British English informal to study a particular subject at school or university: I can’t decide whether to do German or Spanish next year. | Did you do computing at school?
▪major in something phrasal verb American English to study something as your main subject at a college or university: Diane majored in psychology at the University of Washington.
▪revise verb [intransitive] British English to study to prepare for an examination: It’s best to start revising early. | He’s revising for his final exams.
▪cram verb [intransitive] informal to study very hard and try to learn a lot of information just before an examination: Everyone’s cramming for their final exams.
▪do research to study something in a very detailed way, especially in order to discover new information about it: He does research at Oxford University. | I’m doing research into second language learning. | It’s difficult to do research on humans.
| I |
noun (plural studies) Word Family: noun: student, study, studiousness; adjective: studious, studied; verb: study; adverb: studiously
Date: 1100-1200
Language: Old French
Origin: estudie, from Latin studium 'mental effort, eagerness, study', from studere 'to be eager, try to be helpful, study'
1. RESEARCH [countable] a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written report:Language: Old French
Origin: estudie, from Latin studium 'mental effort, eagerness, study', from studere 'to be eager, try to be helpful, study'
study of/into/on
2. LEARNING [uncountable] when you spend time learning, especially at home or by yourself rather than during school:
3. SUBJECT [uncountable] (also studies [plural])
a subject that people study at a college or university
study of
literary/historical/scientific etc study
4. sb’s studies the work that someone does in order to learn about a particular subject, especially the courses they take at a college or university:
begin/continue/stop etc your studies
5. CAREFUL CONSIDERATION [uncountable] when you examine or consider something very carefully and in detail:
6. ROOM [countable] a room in a house that is used for work or study ⇨ office
7. ART [countable] a small detailed drawing, especially one that is done to prepare for a large painting:
8. MUSIC [countable] a piece of music, usually for piano, that is often intended for practice
9. make a study of something to try to find out more about a subject
10. be a study in something literary to be a perfect example of something:
11. a quick study American English someone who learns things quickly
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verb (past tense and past participle studied, present participle studying, third person singular studies) Word Family: noun: student, study, studiousness; adjective: studious, studied; verb: study; adverb: studiously
1. [intransitive and transitive] to learn about a subject at school, university etc: study law/business/history etc (=study a subject at a school or university)
study at a university/school etc
study to be a doctor/lawyer etc
study for an exam/diploma etc
study under somebody (=be trained by a famous teacher)
2. [transitive] to try to find out more about a subject or problem, using scientific methods:
study how/what/why etc
3. [transitive] to look at something carefully
SYN look at:
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Theory 理论
formulate/advance a theory/hypothesis创立理论；提出假设 build/construct/create/develop a simple/theoretical/mathematical model创立一个简单／理论／数学模型 develop/establish/provide/use a theoretical/conceptual framework创立／建立／提供／使用理论／概念框架 advance/argue/develop the thesis that…提出／论证／详尽阐述…的论题 explore an idea/a concept/a hypothesis探讨一个想法／概念／假设 make a prediction/an inference预测；推断 base a prediction/your calculations on sth基于…做出预测／估算 investigate/evaluate/accept/challenge/reject a theory/hypothesis/model研究／评估／接受／质疑／拒绝接受一个理论／假设／模型
Experiment 实验
design an experiment/a questionnaire/a study/a test设计一项实验／问卷／研究／测试 do research/an experiment/an analysis做研究／实验／分析 make observations/measurements/calculations观察；测量；计算 carry out/conduct/perform an experiment/a test/a longitudinal study/observations/clinical trials进行实验／测试／纵向研究／观察／临床试验 run an experiment/a simulation/clinical trials进行实验／模拟／临床试验 repeat an experiment/a test/an analysis重做实验／测试／分析 replicate a study/the results/the findings做相同的研究；得出同样的结果／调查结果 observe/study/examine/investigate/assess a pattern/a process/a behaviour/( a behaviorespecially
观察／研究／审查／调查／评估一种模式／一个过程／一种行为 fund/support the research/project/study资助／支持研究／项目／专题研究 seek/provide/get/secure funding for research寻求／提供／得到／争取到研究资金
Results 结果
collect/gather/extract data/information收集／提取数据／信息 yield data/evidence/similar findings/the same results得到数据／证据／类似调查结果／相同结果 analyse/examine the data/soil samples/a specimen分析／考查数据／土壤样本／样本 consider/compare/interpret the results/findings思考／比较／解释结果／调查结果 fit the data/model与数据／模型相符合 confirm/support/verify a prediction/a hypothesis/the results/the findings证实／支持／核实预测／假设／结果／调查结果 prove a conjecture/hypothesis/theorem证明猜测／假设／定理 draw/make/reach the same conclusions得出同样的结论 read/review the records/literature阅读／评论记录／文献 describe/report an experiment/a study描述／报告一项实验／研究 present/publish/summarize the results/findings提交／公布／总结结果／调查结果 present/publish/read/review/cite a paper in a scientific journal向科学杂志提交一篇论文；在科学杂志发表一篇论文；阅读／评论／引用科学杂志上的一篇论文
Learning 学习
acquire/get/lack (an) education/training/( (some) qualificationsBrE 获得／缺少教育／培训／资格 receive/provide sb with training/tuition得到／给某人提供培训／指导 develop/design/plan a curriculum/( course/especially
BrE ( program/syllabusNAmE 制订课程方案／教学大纲 give/go to/attend a class/lesson/lecture/seminar讲课；上课；举办／参加／出席研讨会 hold/run/conduct a class/seminar/workshop办班；举办研讨会／讲习班 sign up for/take a course/classes/lessons报名参加／修读课程
School 学校
go to/start preschool/kindergarten/nursery school上学前班／幼儿园／托儿所 be in the first, second, etc. ( grade/NAmE ( year (at school)especially
BrE 在读一年级、二年级等 study/take/drop history/chemistry/German, etc.修读／放弃修历史课／化学课／德语课等 ( BrE leave/finish/drop out of/ ( NAmE quit school离校；完成学业；辍学；退学 ( NAmE graduate high school/college高中／大学毕业
Problems at school 在学校遇到的问题
be the victim/target of bullying成为被欺负的受害者／对象 ( BrE play truant from/ ( both
BrE bunk off/skive off school (= not go to school when you should)逃学 ( both especially
NAmE skip/cut class/school逃课；逃学 ( BrE cheat in/( NAmE cheat on an exam/a test考试作弊 get/be given a detention (for doing sth)（因做了某事）被罚放学后留校 be expelled from/be suspended from school被学校开除／暂时停学
Work and exams 功课和考试
do your homework/( revision/a project on sthBrE 做家庭作业；复习功课；对…做专题研究 work on/write/do/submit an essay/a dissertation/a thesis/an assignment/( a paperNAmE 写／提交文章／学位论文／毕业论文／作业／论文 finish/complete your dissertation/thesis/studies/coursework完成学位论文／毕业论文／学业／课程作业 hand in/ ( NAmE turn in your homework/essay/assignment/paper提交家庭作业／文章／作业／论文 study/prepare/ ( BrE revise/ ( NAmE review/ ( NAmE cram for a test/an exam为应考而学习／准备／复习／临时死记硬背 take/ ( both
BrE do/sit a test/an exam参加考试 ( especially
BrE mark/ ( especially
NAmE grade homework/a test给作业／考试打分 ( BrE do well in/ ( NAmE do well on/ ( especially
NAmE ace a test/an exam在考试中取得好成绩 pass/fail/ ( especially
NAmE flunk a test/an exam/a class/a course/a subject测验／考试／课程／学科及格／不及格
University 大学
apply to/get into/go to/start college/( universityBrE 申请／上／开始上大学 leave/graduate from law school/college/( university (with a degree in computer science)BrE 离开／毕业于法学院；离开大学；大学毕业（取得计算机科学的学位） study for/take/ ( BrE do/complete a law degree/a degree in physics攻读／读完法学学位／物理学位课程 ( both
NAmE major/minor in biology/philosophy主修／辅修生物学／哲学 earn/receive/be awarded/get/have/hold a master's degree/a bachelor's degree/a PhD in economics获得／被授予／拿到／拥有经济学硕士学位／学士学位／博士学位
examine to think about, study or describe an idea, subject or piece of work very carefully 指审查、调查、考查、考察 ：◆ These ideas will be examined in more detail in Chapter 10. 这些观点将在第 10 章作更为详细的探讨。 analyse/analyze to examine the nature or structure of sth, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it 指分析 ：◆ The job involves gathering and analysing data. 这项工作需要搜集和分析资料。 ◆ He tried to analyse his feelings. 他试图分析自己的感情。 review to examine sth again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes 指复查、检讨，以做必要的修改 ：◆ The government will review the situation later in the year. 政府将在今年晚些时候重新检讨形势。 study to examine sb/sth in order to understand them or it 指研究、调查 ：◆ We will study the report carefully before making a decision. 我们将认真研究这份报告，然后再作决定。
examine or study? 用 examine 还是 study？
discuss to write or talk about sth in detail, showing the different ideas and opinions about it 指详述、论述 ：◆ This topic will be discussed at greater length in the next chapter. 这个主题将在下一章里详细论述。
Patterns
to examine/analyse/review/study/discuss what/how/whether… to examine/analyse/review/study/discuss the situation/evidence to examine/analyse/review/study/discuss sth carefully/critically/systematically/briefly