war
Word family
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 5++LDOCE 5++war /wɔː $ wɔːr/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 [countable, uncountable]WAR when there is fighting between two or more countries or between opposing groups within a country, involving large numbers of soldiers and weapons 战争 OPP peace the Vietnam War 越南战争 He served as a pilot during the war. 他在战时担任飞行员。war against/with/between the war with Spain 与西班牙的战争2 [countable, uncountable]FIGHT FOR OR AGAINST something a struggle over a long period of time to control something harmful 〔为控制有害事物而进行的长期的〕斗争war on/against the State’s war on drugs 国家针对毒品的斗争 the war against racism 反对种族主义的斗争3 [countable, uncountable]FIGHT FOR OR AGAINST something a situation in which a person or group is fighting for power, influence, or control 〔个人或团体为取得权力、影响力或控制权进行的〕斗争，竞争 No one wants to start a trade war here. 这里没有人想挑起一场贸易战。 a ratings war between the major TV networks 各大电视网之间的收视率之争 → price war4 be in the wars British English spokenDAMAGE used, often humorously, to say that someone has lots of injuries or health problems 身上有多处伤痛；患有多种疾病〔常为幽默用法〕 You’ve really been in the wars lately, haven’t you? 最近你毛病很多，是吗？5. this means war spokenFIGHT used humorously to say that you are ready to fight or argue about something 这意味着战争〔表示已准备好为某事物而斗争或争论；幽默用法〕 → cold war, war of attrition, war of nerves, war of words, warring COLLOCATIONSverbsfight a war 打仗The two countries fought a brief war in 1995. 1995年，这两个国家曾短期交战。fight in a war (=take part as a soldier) 参加战争Her grandfather fought in the war. 她祖父参加了这场战争。win/lose a war 战胜/战败The Allies had won the war. 同盟国取得了战争的胜利。nWhat would have happened if we’d lost the war?declare war 宣战In 1941, Britain and the US declared war on Japan. 1941年，英国和美国对日宣战。wage/make war (=to start and continue a war) 发动战争Their aim was to destroy the country’s capacity to wage war. 他们的目的是要摧毁这个国家发动战争的能力。go to war (=become involved in a war) 参战，出兵作战nIt has been said that democracies don’t go to war with each other.war breaks out (=it starts) 战争爆发nThey married just before war broke out.na war rages (=continues in a very violent way)A civil war is still raging there.phrasesbe at war 交战Russia was at war with Poland. 俄国当时在和波兰交战。be on the brink of war (=be about to be involved in a war) 处于战争边缘The country was on the brink of war. 处于战争边缘the outbreak of war (=the time when a war starts) 战争的爆发nA week after the outbreak of war, he enlisted in the army.the horrors of war 战争的恐怖nThey wanted to forget the horrors of war they had witnessed.ADJECTIVES/NOUN + wara world war 世界大战No one wants another world war. 没有人想再来一次世界大战。a civil war (=between opposing groups within a country) 内战the English Civil War 英国内战a nuclear war (=involving nuclear weapons) 核战争nThe possibility of nuclear war was much on people’s minds in the Fifties.a conventional war (=not nuclear) 常规战争nA conventional war would still cause unacceptable devastation.a guerrilla war (=involving a small unofficial military group) 游击战争nThe nine-year guerrilla war has ended at last.the Korean/Vietnam/Iraq etc War 朝鲜战争/越南战争/伊拉克战争等nPeople were protesting against the Vietnam War.World War I/World War II 第一次世界大战/第二次世界大战He was a pilot in World War II. 他参加过第二次世界大战。a just war (=one that you believe is right) 正义的战争nThey believe that they are fighting a just war.a religious war 宗教战争nHow many people have died in religious wars?war + NOUNthe war years 战争年代The couple spent most of the war years apart. 这对夫妇在战争年代大部分时间不在一起。a war hero 战斗英雄At home he was hailed as a war hero. 在国内他被誉为战斗英雄。a war veteran (=someone who took part in a war) 参加过战争的退伍军人nThere was a service for war veterans in the Garden of Remembrance.a war criminal (=someone who behaves very cruelly in a war, in a way that is against international law) 战争罪犯nthe arrest of two suspected Nazi war criminals a war correspondent (=a reporter sending reports from a war) 战地记者nBeing a war correspondent is a dangerous job.a war zone (=an area where a war is fought) 战区，交战地带nThe country had turned into a war zone.a war crime (=a cruel act in a war which is against international law) 战争罪行nThey will be charged with war crimes.na war woundHe still suffered pain from an old war wound.na war graveHe had gone with a friend to visit the war graves in Flanders.COMMON ERRORS ► Don’t say ‘do the war’. Say go to war or make war. 不要说 ‘do the war’。 而要说 go to war 或 make war。 THESAURUSwar noun [countable, uncountable] a situation in which there is fighting between countries or opposing groups within a country, with large numbers of soldiers and weapons 战争He fought in World War II. 他参加过第二次世界大战。the horrors of war 战争的恐怖conflict noun [countable, uncountable] a situation in which there is fighting or a war – used especially in news reports 冲突，战争〔尤用于新闻报道〕the conflict in the Middle East 中东的冲突There is increasing danger of armed conflict. 发生武装冲突的可能性越来越大。fighting noun [uncountable] a situation in which people or groups fight each other and try to kill each other 战斗；打斗The fighting went on for months. 战斗持续了好几个月。Fighting in the north has resulted in hundreds of deaths. 北部的战斗已造成数百人死亡。hostilities noun [plural] formal fighting in a war 战斗；敌对行动The agreement called on the guerrillas to cease hostilities (=stop fighting) and begin peace talks. 协议呼吁游击队停止敌对行动，展开和平谈判。warfare noun [uncountable] the activity of fighting in a war – used especially to talk about a method of fighting 战争〔尤指作战方式〕new and more advanced methods of warfare 更为先进的新式作战方法chemical warfare 化学战battle noun [countable, uncountable] an occasion when two armies, groups of ships etc fight each other in one place during a war 战役the great naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars 拿破仑战争中的大海战the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 1805年特拉法尔加海战He died in battle. 他阵亡了。skirmish /ˈskɜːmɪʃ/ noun [countable] a short fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, especially one that happens away from the main part of a war or battle 小规模战斗，小冲突There were minor skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani troops across the border. 印度和巴基斯坦的军队在边境上发生了小规模冲突。combat noun [uncountable] the act of fighting, especially during a war 〔尤指战争中的〕战斗，搏斗Few of them had any experience of combat. 他们当中没几个有战斗经验。hand-to-hand combat 肉搏战action noun [uncountable] military actions carried out by the army, navy etc of a country during a war – used especially in the following phrases 军事行动，战斗〔尤用于以下短语〕He was killed in action in 1944. 他于1944年阵亡。Her son went missing in action. 她的儿子在战斗中失踪。Her grandfather saw action (=fought) in two world wars. 她的祖父参加过两次世界大战。Examples from the Corpus
war• In 1874, war broke out in Europe again.• War veterans claim that they were exposed to chemical weapons while fighting in the Gulf.• a war hero and former fighter pilot• the Spanish-American War• More Americans died in the Civil War than in World War II.• In 1931, more than twenty veterans of foreign wars were among the patients at Carville.• In the months leading up to the outbreak of war, both countries were involved in a massive arms build-up.• It is said that this ghost still beats his eerie tattoo during times of war.• Gas stations in the city are involved in a price war.• Who won the Franco-Prussian War?• When the war ended in 1945, Europe was in chaos.• the Vietnam War• Iran's seven-year war with Iraqwar against/with/between• The proceeds went to fund its clandestine war against the Sandinistas.• Seldom has a central banker looked more secure in his war against marauding politicians.• The prospect of a long war with the inevitable increase in demand for service manpower was a critical factor.• He'd had a serious liaison before the war with a young girl whom he'd got pregnant.• In the war against wildfire, the hotshot crews of the U. S. Forest Service are considered the elite.• Countdown to the cruise Mark Hewish Going to war with cruise missiles would be precise, ruthless and utterly effective.trade war• They said Mr Major was deeply concerned as a trade war loomed large.• And without it, a trade war could devastate already shaky world economies.• A failure to understand this essential point could lead to more than a trade war.• Could this be a prelude to a trade war even more destructive of world prosperity than a military war?• The two men traded war stories through the early-morning hours.• With the spectre of a ruinous trade war looming which could spread like wildfire round the world.From Longman Business Dictionarywarwar /wɔːwɔːr/ noun [countable] price/trade/sales warCOMMERCE a situation in which countries or companies compete against each other very stronglyManufacturers of basic commodity products are vulnerable to price wars when demand is slow.Progress in talks with Japan have averted the risk of a protectionist trade war.A price war may break out as tire makers try to grab market share and put spare capacity to work.Gasoline retailers have been waging price wars (=taking part in them).Origin war (1100-1200) Old North French werre, from Old French guerrewar noun →COLLOCATIONS1 →THESAURUS1LDOCE OnlineChinese
two Corpus there Business is fighting when between
war
war S2 W1 /wɔː $ wɔːr/
noun
OPP peace:
the Vietnam War
He served as a pilot during the war.
war against/with/between
the war with Spain
2. [uncountable and countable] a struggle over a long period of time to control something harmful
war on/against
the State’s war on drugs
the war against racism
3. [uncountable and countable] a situation in which a person or group is fighting for power, influence, or control:
No one wants to start a trade war here.
a ratings war between the major TV networks ⇨ price war
4. be in the wars British English spoken used, often humorously, to say that someone has lots of injuries or health problems:
You’ve really been in the wars lately, haven’t you?
5. this means war spoken used humorously to say that you are ready to fight or argue about something
⇨ cold war, war of attrition, war of nerves, war of words, warring
■ verbs
▪fight a war The two countries fought a brief war in 1995.
▪fight in a war (=take part as a soldier) Her grandfather fought in the war.
▪win/lose a war The Allies had won the war. | What would have happened if we’d lost the war?
▪declare war In 1941, Britain and the US declared war on Japan.
▪wage/make war (=to start and continue a war) Their aim was to destroy the country’s capacity to wage war.
▪go to war (=become involved in a war) It has been said that democracies don’t go to war with each other.
▪war breaks out (=it starts) They married just before war broke out.
▪a war rages (=continues in a very violent way) A civil war is still raging there.
■ phrases
▪be at war Russia was at war with Poland.
▪be on the brink of war (=be about to be involved in a war) The country was on the brink of war.
▪the outbreak of war (=the time when a war starts) A week after the outbreak of war, he enlisted in the army.
▪the horrors of war They wanted to forget the horrors of war they had witnessed.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + war
▪a world war No one wants another world war.
▪a civil war (=between opposing groups within a country) the English Civil War
▪a nuclear war (=involving nuclear weapons) The possibility of nuclear war was much on people’s minds in the Fifties.
▪a conventional war (=not nuclear) A conventional war would still cause unacceptable devastation.
▪a guerrilla war (=involving a small unofficial military group) The nine-year guerrilla war has ended at last.
▪the Korean/Vietnam/Iraq etc War People were protesting against the Vietnam War.
▪World War I/World War II He was a pilot in World War II.
▪a just war (=one that you believe is right) They believe that they are fighting a just war.
▪a religious war How many people have died in religious wars?
■ war + NOUN
▪the war years The couple spent most of the war years apart.
▪a war hero At home he was hailed as a war hero.
▪a war veteran (=someone who took part in a war) There was a service for war veterans in the Garden of Remembrance.
▪a war criminal (=someone who behaves very cruelly in a war, in a way that is against international law) the arrest of two suspected Nazi war criminals
▪a war correspondent (=a reporter sending reports from a war) Being a war correspondent is a dangerous job.
▪a war zone (=an area where a war is fought) The country had turned into a war zone.
▪a war crime (=a cruel act in a war which is against international law) They will be charged with war crimes.
▪a war wound He still suffered pain from an old war wound.
▪a war grave He had gone with a friend to visit the war graves in Flanders.
■ COMMON ERRORS
► Do not say 'do the war'. Say go to war or make war.
▪ war noun [uncountable and countable] a situation in which there is fighting between countries or opposing groups within a country, with large numbers of soldiers and weapons: He fought in World War II. | the horrors of war
▪conflict noun [uncountable and countable] a situation in which there is fighting or a war – used especially in news reports: the conflict in the Middle East | There is increasing danger of armed conflict.
▪fighting noun [uncountable] a situation in which people or groups fight each other and try to kill each other: The fighting went on for months. | Fighting in the north has resulted in hundreds of deaths.
▪hostilities noun [plural] formal fighting in a war: The agreement called on the guerrillas to cease hostilities (=stop fighting) and begin peace talks.
▪warfare noun [uncountable] the activity of fighting in a war – used especially to talk about a method of fighting: new and more advanced methods of warfare | chemical warfare
▪battle noun [uncountable and countable] an occasion when two armies, groups of ships etc fight each other in one place during a war: the great naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars | the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 | He died in battle.
▪skirmish /ˈskɜːmɪʃ $ ˈskɜːr-/ noun [countable] a short fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, especially one that happens away from the main part of a war or battle: There were minor skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani troops across the border.
▪combat noun [uncountable] the act of fighting, especially during a war: Few of them had any experience of combat. | hand-to-hand combat
▪action noun [uncountable] military actions carried out by the army, navy etc of a country during a war – used especially in the following phrases: He was killed in action in 1944. | Her son went missing in action. | Her grandfather saw action (=fought) in two world wars.
war S2 W1 /wɔː $ wɔːr/
noun Date: 1100-1200
Language: Old North French
Origin: werre, from Old French guerre
1. [uncountable and countable] when there is fighting between two or more countries or between opposing groups within a country, involving large numbers of soldiers and weapons Language: Old North French
Origin: werre, from Old French guerre
OPP peace:
war against/with/between
2. [uncountable and countable] a struggle over a long period of time to control something harmful
war on/against
3. [uncountable and countable] a situation in which a person or group is fighting for power, influence, or control:
4. be in the wars British English spoken used, often humorously, to say that someone has lots of injuries or health problems:
5. this means war spoken used humorously to say that you are ready to fight or argue about something
⇨ cold war, war of attrition, war of nerves, war of words, warring
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Starting a war 开战
declare/make/wage war (on sb/sth)（向…）宣战／挑起战争／发动战争 go to war (against/with sb)（向…）开战 cause/spark/provoke/foment/quell unrest引起／平息骚乱 incite/lead/crush/suppress a revolt/rebellion煽动／领导／镇压起义／叛乱 launch/mount/carry out a surprise/terrorist attack发起／实施突然／恐怖袭击 prevent/halt/represent an escalation of the conflict防止／阻止／表明冲突升级 be torn apart by/be on the brink of civil war被内战搞得四分五裂；濒于内战 enter/invade/occupy sb's territory进入／侵略／占领某人的领土 lead/launch/resist/repel an invasion领导／发起／抵制／击退武装入侵
Military operations 军事行动
adopt/develop/implement/pursue a military strategy采用／发展／实施／执行军事战略 carry out/execute/perform military operations/manoeuvres/( maneuversespecially
执行军事行动／军事演习 send/deploy/station/pull back/withdraw troops派遣／部署／派驻／撤回部队 go on/fly/carry out a reconnaissance/rescue mission进行／驾机执行／执行侦察／营救任务 train/equip/deploy army/military/combat units训练／装备／部署陆军／军事／作战分队 lead/launch/conduct a raid/a surprise attack/an (air/airborne/amphibious) assault (on sb)领导／发起／实施（对某人的）突然袭击／（空中／空投部队／登陆）攻击 employ/use guerrilla tactics采用游击战术 conduct/wage biological/guerrilla warfare进行／发动生物战／游击战 fight/crush/defeat the rebels/the insurgency设法战胜／镇压／挫败叛乱者／叛乱 suffer/inflict a crushing defeat遭受惨败；大获全胜 achieve/win a decisive victory赢得决定性的胜利 halt/stop the British/German/Russian advance阻止英国／德国／俄罗斯的前进 order/force a retreat命令／强迫撤退
Fighting 作战
join/serve in the army/navy/air force加入陆军／海军／空军；在陆军／海军／空军部队服役 be/go/remain/serve on active duty在服现役 serve/complete/return from a tour of duty在服役；服役完毕；服役归来 be sent to the front (line)被派往前线 attack/strike/engage/defeat/kill/destroy the enemy袭击／攻击敌人；与敌人交战；击败／杀死／消灭敌人 see/report/be engaged in heavy fighting目睹／报道／参与激战 call for/be met with armed resistance要求／遭遇武装抵抗 come under heavy/machine-gun/mortar fire冒着激烈的／机关枪的／迫击炮的射击 fire a machine-gun/mortar shells/rockets (at sb/sth)（对…）发射机关枪／迫击炮弹／火箭弹 shoot a rifle/a pistol/bullets/missiles步枪／手枪射击；发射子弹／导弹 launch/fire a cruise/ballistic/anti-tank missile发射巡航／弹道／反坦克导弹 use biological/chemical/nuclear weapons使用生物／化学／核武器 inflict/suffer/sustain heavy losses/casualties遭受惨重损失／伤亡 be hit/killed by enemy/friendly/artillery fire被敌军／友军／炮火击中／射死 become/be held as a prisoner of war成为战俘；作为战俘被监禁
Civilians in war 战争中的平民
harm/kill/target/protect innocent/unarmed civilians伤害／杀死／瞄准／保护无辜的／手无寸铁的平民 cause/avoid/limit/minimize civilian casualties/collateral damage导致／避免／限制／最大限度减少平民伤亡／附带性破坏 impose/enforce/lift a curfew强制实行／解除宵禁 engage in/be a victim of ethnic cleansing参与种族清洗；成为种族清洗的受害者 be sent to an internment/a concentration camp被送到俘虏拘留营／集中营 accept/house/resettle refugees fleeing from war接受／收容／安置战争难民 fear/threaten military/violent reprisals害怕／扬言要军事／暴力报复 commit/be accused of war crimes/crimes against humanity/genocide犯／被指控犯战争罪／反人类罪／种族灭绝罪
Making peace 和解
make/bring/win/achieve/maintain/promote peace促使／带来／赢得／实现／保持／促进和平 call for/negotiate/broker/declare a ceasefire/a temporary truce要求／商谈／协商／宣布停战／暂时休战 sign a ceasefire agreement签署停战协议 call for/bring/put an end to hostilities要求发动／引发／结束战争 demand/negotiate/accept the surrender of sb/sth强烈要求／商讨／接受…投降 establish/send (in) a peacekeeping force建立／派遣维和部队 negotiate/conclude/ratify/sign/accept/reject/break/violate a peace treaty商讨／达成／正式批准／签署／接受／拒绝／破坏／违反和平协定
campaign a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim 指为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动或运动 ：◆ the campaign for parliamentary reform 要求议会改革的运动 ◆ an advertising campaign 广告宣传活动 battle a competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control 指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争 ：◆ She finally won the legal battle for compensation. 她终于赢得了这场要求赔偿的法律斗争。 ◆ the endless battle between man and nature 人与大自然永无休止的斗争 struggle a competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control 指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争 ：◆ the struggle for independence 为独立的斗争 ◆ the struggle between good and evil 正邪之争
battle or struggle? 用 battle 还是 struggle？
drive an organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth 指团体为达到目的而作出的有组织的努力 ：◆ the drive for greater efficiency 为提高效率而作出的努力 ◆ a drive to reduce energy consumption 为减少能源消耗而发起的运动
campaign or drive? 用 campaign 还是 drive？
war [ 指为消灭或阻止有害事物而进行的长期斗争 ：◆ the war against crime 反犯罪活动的斗争 fight [ 指为制止或防止坏事物或为达到好目的而进行的斗争，或指竞赛，尤指体育竞赛 ：◆ Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies. 工人赢得了阻止强制裁员的斗争。
war or fight? 用 war 还是 fight？
A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. Afight can be about achieving justice for yourself.* war 用于制止人人摒弃的事物（如毒品和犯罪）而进行的斗争；fight 可用于为自己伸张正义而进行的斗争。
Patterns
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight against stha campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight for stha one-man/one-woman/personal campaign/battle/struggle/wara bitter campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fightto launch/embark on a campaign/battle/driveto lead/continue the campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fightto win/lose a battle/struggle/war/fight
